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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Affecting Antifungal Activity of Onion Extractives Against Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 46 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The processing factors, that could affect the inhibitory activity of onion extractives against the spores of Aspergillus parasiticus have been evaluated. The lachrymatory factor (thiopropanal-S-oxide) had maximal inhibitory activity. The survival of A. parasiticus spores depended upon the inhibitor concentration and the time of exposure of the spores to the onion inhibitors. Germinated spores showed more susceptibility to the inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of onion compounds was lost by heating, freeze-drying, dehydration, aeration and agitation, and prolonged storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb15339.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INHIBITION OF AFLATOXIN-PRODUCING FUNGI BY ONION EXTRACTS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 44 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various extractives of onion were tested for their inhibitory activity towards the growth of the aflatoxin-producing fungi, Aspergillus flavas and A. parasiticus. Ether extract and lachrymatory factor (LF), which has been earlier identified as thiopropanal-s-oxide, were found to have potent antifungal activity. Steam-distilled onion oil, which is devoid of LF, was not as potent as ether extract and LF. Its major component, dipropyldisulfide was ineffective as a fungal inhibitor. Ethyl acetate extract containing phenolics was also ineffective. Exposure of onions to gamma-irradiation at a sprout-inhibiting dose (6 krad) did not alter the inhibitory potency of the onion extractives which, however, appeared to be heat-labile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb06484.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of Shelf-stable Intermediate-moisture Meat Products Using Active Edible ChitosanCoating and Irradiation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 70 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shelf-stable intermediate-moisture (IM) meat products were developed using a combination of hurdles such as reduced aw, active edible coating of chitosan, and irradiation. Chitosan prepared from chitin had a viscosity of 16 c P, molecular weight of 17.54 kDa, and a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 74%. The nitrogen content of the chitosan was estimated to be 7.56%. The antioxidant activity of chitosan increased upon irradiation without significantly affecting its antimicrobial property. The effect of irradiated chitosan coating in terms of its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in IM meat products immediately after irradiation and during storage was assessed. The aw of meat products such as mutton sheek kababs and streaky bacon was first reduced to 0.85 ± 0.02. The products were then coated with chitosan and irradiated (4 kGy). No viable bacteria or fungi were detected in chitosan-coated, irradiated products. In contrast, IM meat products that were not subjected to gamma radiation showed visible fungal growth within 2 wk. The chitosan-coated products showed lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) than the noncoated samples for up to 4 wk of storage at ambient temperature. The studies thus clearly indicated the potential use of chitosan coating for the preparation of safe and stable meat products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11475.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aflatoxin Inactivation Using Aqueous Extract of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) Seeds (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 70 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Aqueous extract of ajowan seeds was found to contain an aflatoxin inactivation factor (IF). Thin layer chromatography analysis of the toxins after treatment with IF showed relative reduction of aflatoxin G1 〉 G2 〉 B1 〉 B2. Quantification of toxin using a fluorotoxin meter as well as the Enzyme Linked Immuno s orb ent Assay (ELISA) confirmed these findings. An approximate 80% reduction in total aflatoxin content over the controls was observed. This observed phenomenon of reduction in total toxin was referred to as toxin inactivation. Temperature was found to influence the rate of toxin inactivation. At 45 °C, it was found to be rapid during the initial 5 h and slowed later. The IF was found to retain considerable activity even after boiling and autoclaving, indicating partial heat stability. The activity was lost below pH 4.0. Above pH 4.0, it increased gradually, reaching the maximum at pH 10.0. IF was found to be stable to gamma irradiation. Toxin decontamination in spiked corn samples could be achieved using IF. This study emphasizes the potential of ajowan IF in aflatoxin removal from contaminated food commodities. However, the biological toxicity, if any, of the IF inactivated aflatoxins needs to be confirmed, and the work in this direction is in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09016.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Some Gamma Irradiated Indian Spices (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 54 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Irradiated (10 kGy) and unirradiated pre-packed whole and ground spices including black pepper, red chilli, and turmeric were examined by six different laboratories for microbiological quality. No colony forming units (CFU) were reported in the largest quantity of irradiated spices used in the study by three out of six laboratories. The other three laboratories reported counts ranging between 0–90 CFU/g in irradiated samples. None of the six laboratories reported the presence of E. coli or B. cereus in the spices exposed to gamma irradiation. These data suggest that a standard plate count of 0–100 CFU/g and a count of zero CFU/g for E. coli and B. cereus be fixed for spices exposed to a 10 kGy dose of gamma rays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb03116.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International e-marketing: opportunities and issues (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 22 (2005), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Purpose - E-marketing is growing at a dramatic pace and is significantly impacting customer and business market behaviors. As a result, most firms have started developing e-marketing strategies for the web. However, the evolution and strategic direction of e-marketing strategies in international environments has not been discussed and is the focus of this paper. Design/methodology/approach - In this paper, the authors examine two issues based on extant literature and our previous research in this area. The authors discuss e-marketing in an international context and develop a framework that will allow researchers and managers to understand the impact of country level effects on e-marketing strategies. The paper proposes that the evolution of e-marketing strategies is based on the countries infrastructure and marketing institutional development. Findings - It is found that international e-marketing strategies are fundamentally changing, and will continue to change, marketing thought and practice in international markets. The paper suggests that the e-markets of tomorrow may have little resemblance to the markets of today. Research limitations/implications - The paper suggests that additional conceptual and methodological research is required in this area. Propositions are derived that will provide directions for future research. Practical implications - Firms need to better monitor their international environments to determine the type of strategy that they need to follow. The proposed strategies are - brick and click strategies, digitization, disintermediation, buying groups and alternative infrastructure, firm driven e-marketing strategies, and corporate exchanges. Originality/value - This paper is the first attempt to examine the relationship between a country's infrastructure, marketing institutions and the appropriate e-marketing strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330510630249
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation of Markets Based on Customer Service (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of physical distribution and logistics management 24 (1994), S. 50-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-0035
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reviews the importance of customer service in segmented markets.Emphasizes the importance of segmenting markets in emerging industries,as well as in mature industries. Develops a method of classifyingmarkets into segments with different customer service needs. Reports onthe application of the methodology in a segment of a high-technologyindustry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039410757649
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring customer-based brand equity (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of consumer marketing 12 (1995), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0736-3761
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Brand equity is very important to marketers of consumer goods andservices. Brand equity facilitates in the effectiveness of brandextensions and brand introductions. This is because consumers who trustand display loyalty toward a brand are willing to try to adopt brandextensions. While there have been methods to measure the financial valueof brand equity, measurement of customer-based brand equity has beenlacking. Presents a scale to measure customer-based brand equity. Thecustomer-based brand equity scale is developed based on the fiveunderlying dimensions of brand equity: performance, value, social image,trustworthiness and commitment. In empirical tests, brands that scoredhigher on the customer-based brand equity scale generally had higherprices. Discusses the implications for managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363769510095270
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of phytochrome(s), Ca2+ and phosphorylation in light-dependent control of transcript levels for plastid genes (psbA, psaA and rbcL) in rice (Oryza sativa) (1999)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 105 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to understand the mechanism of light signal transduction in regulation of steady-state transcript levels of the plastid genes psbA, psaA and rbcL in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. Pusa 169) seedlings. Red light irradiation of 5-day-old etiolated seedlings for 5 min upregulates the transcript levels of the above-mentioned plastid genes, while far-red light exposure subsequent to red light reverses this effect, indicating the involvement of phytochrome(s). Ca2+ and the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187 increase the level of transcripts in the dark-grown seedlings. Ca2+ chelators (EGTA and BAPTA) as well as Ca2+ channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) suppress the accumulation of all transcripts in light. This suggests the involvement of Ca2+ in the photoregulation of plastid genes. Okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A), and sodium fluoride (NaF), a general inhibitor of protein phosphatases, significantly prevent the light-induced increase in transcript levels of the plastid genes. Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, causes an increase in the transcript levels in darkness and a further enhancement in conjunction with light. The results suggest that light signal transduction downstream to phytochrome(s) involves Ca2+ and phosphorylation for controlling the pattern of plastid gene expression. Phosphorylation inhibits light-activated gene expression in chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105415.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural Heterozygosity of Cipura paludosa , Aubl. (1957)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 180 (1957), S. 662-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The cytology of this species has been studied by us in connexion with the detailed investigation on a number of iridaceous genera undertaken in this laboratory. The chromosome number of this species, as determined from the somatic and meiotic cells, is twelve. The present report deals with the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/180662b0
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