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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 70 (1993), S. 257-279 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Schlagwort(e): Stochastic point process ; auditory-nerve fibers ; pure tones ; neural coding ; spectral characteristics ; synchrony
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Under pure-tone stimulation, the spectrum of the period histogram recorded from primary auditory-nerve fibers at low and medium frequencies contains components at DC, at the applied tone frequency (the fundamental), and at a small number of harmonics of the tone frequency. The magnitudes and phases of these spectral components are examined. The spectral magnitudes of the fundamental and various harmonic components generally bear a fixed proportionality to each other over a broad range of signal conditions and nerve-fiber characteristics. This implies that the shape of the underlying rectified wave remains essentially unchanged over a broad range of stimulus intensities. For high-frequency stimuli, the fundamental and harmonic components are substantially attenuated. We provide a theoretical basis for the decrease of the spectralcomponent magnitudes with increasing harmonic number. For low-frequency pure-tone signals, the decrease is caused principally by the uncertainty in the position of neural-event occurrences within the half-wave-rectified period histogram. The lower the stimulus frequency, the greater this time uncertainty and therefore the lower the frequency at which the spectral components begin to diminish. For high-frequency pure-tone signals, on the other hand, the decrease is caused principally by the frequency rolloff associated with nervespike time jitter (it is then called loss of phase locking or loss of synchrony). Since some of this jitter arises from noise in the auditory nerve, it can be minimized by using peak detection rather than level detection. Using a specially designed microcomputer that measures the times at which the peaks of the action potentials occur, we have demonstrated the presence of phase locking to tone frequencies as high as 18 kHz. The traditional view that phase locking is always lost above 6 kHz is clearly not valid. This indicates that the placeversus-periodicity dichotomy in auditory theory requires reexaraination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Auditory system ; Gerbil ; Tuning ; Cochlea ; Mechanics ; Inner ear
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The micromechanical behaviour of the inner ear in response to sound stimulation was investigated in an in vitro preparation of the gerbil temporal bone. Using laser heterodyne interferometry it was possible to measure the vibration responses directly at the level of the sensory and supporting cells within the hearing organ rather than from the underlying basilar membrane as has been done in previous studies. There was a tuned mechanical response of the cellular structures within the hearing organ. The resonance frequency measured at cells in the apical (third) turn was around 200Hz. The frequency of the mechanical tuning varied along the length of the cochlea. In the second turn the resonance frequency was around 500–700Hz. The cellular response in the second turn was more sharply tuned as compared to the response in the apical turn. In both cochlear turns the amplitude of the vibratory response changed with the cellular location radially across the hearing organ.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 193 (1969), S. 78-88 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Middle-ear function is commonly assessed experimentally by measuring displacement amplitudes of its structures and associated phases as a function of frequency for constant SLPs. For cats, transfer functions so derived are independent of frequency within the low-frequency range, having a slope of −12 dB/octave at higher frequencies. This is in sharp contrast to the auditory threshold curve with its characteristic low-frequency attenuation. However, such considerations neglect the fact that the middle ear transmits mechano-acoustic power and not merely displacements. Power transfer curves, calculated for the ears of cats, are shown to increase with frequency at about 12 dB/octave at low frequencies, being essentially flat at higher ones. Their shape is very similar to that of auditory threshold curves. Considering the transfer of power, the low-frequency attenuation is simply due to the small size of the tympanic membrane. Further considerations indicate that the size of the tympanic membrane (and also that of the cochlea) appears to represent a compromise between at least five different factors to assure allaround optimal performance. This notion is supported by the findings that the tympanic membranes and the basilar membranes of different species grow relatively slowly with body size, specifically that their areas grow only as a single dimension of length.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Funktion des Mittelohres wird experimentell im allgemeinen dadurch bestimmt, daß man den Frequenzgang der Auslenkungsamplituden seiner Strukturen und die zugehörigen Phasen mißt. Die Übertragungs funktion des Katzenohres, errechnet aus derartigen Messungen, ist bei tiefen Frequenzen unabhängig von der Frequenz, um bei höheren Frequenzen mit 12 dB/Oktave abzufallen. Solche Kurven stehen im scharfen Gegensatz zur Schwellenkurve des Gehörs, die bekanntlich nach tiefen Frequenzen hin abfällt. Derartige Über-legungen lassen jedoch die Tatsache außer acht, daß das Mittelohr nicht Auslenkungen sondern Leistung überträgt. Übertragungsfunktionen der Leistung, ebenfalls für das Mittelohr der Katze errechnet, zeigen zunächst einen Anstieg mit 12 dB/Oktave, um bei höheren Frequenzen praktisch flach zu verlaufen. Solche Kurven sind denen des Schwellengehörs sehr ähnlich. Wenn man die Leistungsübertragung in Betracht zieht, stellt sich heraus, daß die Abschwächung der tiefen Frequenzen lediglich durch die kleinen Abmessungen des Trommelfells bedingt ist. Weitere Überlegungen dieser Art deuten an, daß die GröBe des Trommelfells (und ebenfalls die der Ohrschnecke) einen Kompromiß zur Erzielung optimaler Leistung in jeder Beziehung darstellt, zu dem mindestens fünf verschiedene Faktoren beitragen. Dieser Eindruck ist durch folgende Beobachtung unterstützt: Das Trommelfell und die Ohrschnecke nehmen nur langsam mit der Körpergröße verschiedener Tierarten zu, d. h. ihre Flächen wachsen nur mit einer einzelnen Dimension der Länge.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A search has been carried out for neutral charm production in 5,108 proton-emulsion interactions at 400 GeV/c. Nine charm candidates have been observed in our fiducial volume which extends from 100 μm-1,000 μm in the forward cone. One of these is a 4-prong and the others are 2-prong events with opening angle〉10 mrad and momenta of both decay tracks〉150 MeV/c. Search for associated charm decays was made in an extended fiducial volume around the primary stars of these nine candidates. This yielded two neutral 2-prong events, one associated with the 4-prong and the other with a 2-prong candidate. All unassociated candidates are consistent with being backgrounds due toK s , Λ decays, neutral interactions and γ conversions whereas the background to associated events is negligible. Based on the two associated decays the inclusive cross section forD 0, −0 production is determined as 27±20 μb/nucleon. Detailed measurements on the 4-prong candidate lead to the identification of one decay track as an electron and another as a kaon. This is interpreted as a semi-leptonic, Cabbibo favouredD 0/D −0 decay.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The European physical journal 29 (1985), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An analysis of relativistic charged secondaries produced in hadron-nucleus collisions in the few hundred GeV region is presented from the point of view of the structure of hadrons and to examine the possibility of discriminating different theoretical models. An attempt has been made to study the mean normalised multiplicity ratio in the central region and its dependence on the mean number of intranuclear collisionsv. The rate of increase in the production of particles exhibits good agreement with our proposed approach of the constituent supercluster model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A study of charged charm production is made at 400 GeV incident energy of protons in nuclear emulsion. A total of 7005 primary stars have been scrutinized to look for charm particle decays in the forward cone within a decay distance of 100–1,000 μm (3,056 stars) and 100–2,000 μm (3,949 stars). In all 10 charm candidates decaying to 3 charged particles plus neutrals have been observed. Background due to secondary interactions for events of such topology is estimated to be ≈3. Background due to strange particle decays is estimated to be negligible. The rest of the events are attributed toΛ c + andD ± decays. This leads to a value of 91±35 μb/nucleon for the total charged charm production cross section. Using production cross section forD ± from other experiments we obtainΛ c + production cross section as 62±27 μb/nucleon. Two cases of pair production of charm have been seen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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