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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of excited molecules in nanosecond time scale
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular Structure 114 (1984), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-2860
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-2860(84)87211-7
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tyramine functions as a toxin in honey bee larvae during Varroa-transmitted infection by Melissococcus pluton (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 234 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: From wounds of honey bee pupae, caused by the mite Varroa destructor, coccoid bacteria were isolated and identified as Melissococcus pluton. The bacterial isolate was grown anaerobically in sorbitol medium to produce a toxic compound that was purified on XAD columns, gelfiltration and preparative HPLC. The toxic agent was identified by GC–MS and FTICR-MS as tyramine. The toxicity of the isolated tyramine was tested by a novel mobility test using the protozoon Stylonychia lemnae. A concentration of 0.2 mg/ml led to immediate inhibition of mobility. In addition the toxicity was studied on honey bee larvae by feeding tyramine/water mixtures added to the larval jelly. The lethal dosis of tyramine on 4–5 days old bee larvae was determined as 0.3 mg/larvae when added as a volume of 20 μl to the larval food in brood cells. Several other biogenic amines, such as phenylethylamine, histamine, spermine, cadaverine, putrescine and trimethylamine, were tested as their hydrochloric salts for comparison and were found to be inhibitory in the Stylonychia mobility test at similar concentrations. A quantitative hemolysis test with human red blood cells revealed that tyramine and histamine showed the highest membranolytic activity, followed by the phenylethylamine, trimethylamine and spermine, while the linear diamines, cadaverine and putrescine, showed a significantly lower hemolysis when calculated on a molar amine basis. The results indicate that tyramine which is a characteristic amine produced by M. pluton in culture, is the causative agent of the observed toxic symptoms in bee larvae. Thus this disease, known as European foulbrood, is possibly an infection transmitted by the Varroa destructor mite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09526.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordination chemistry of microbial iron transport compounds. 24. Characterization of coprogen and ferricrocin, two ferric hydroxamate siderophores (1983)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 105 (1983), S. 810-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00342a027
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HPLC separation and identification by ion spray mass spectroscopy of ferrioxamine and enterobactin siderophores in the genus enterobacter
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 43 (1991), S. 144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-0134
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-0134(91)84138-Y
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhizoferrin transport and iron storage in mucorales studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy and EPR
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 51 (1993), S. 566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-0134
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-0134(93)85590-5
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen (1973)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 92 (1973), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Neurospora crassa, arg-5, ota, aga wird die Desferricoprogenbildung durch Zusatz von Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+ und V3+ im Medium unterdrückt. Bei Anwesenheit von Cr3+ und Co3+ verhält sich die Mutante wie unter Eisenmangelbedingungen. Eine angelaufene Coprogenbiosynthese wird innerhalb von 24 h mit Fe-Coprogen (10 μM), Ga-Coprogen (10 μM) und Al-Coprogen (〉100 μM) reprimiert. Die Coprogenaufnahme entspricht einer Sättigungskinetik, die Aufnahme von Desferricoprogen und Fe3+ folgt dagegen einer Diffusionsgeraden. Die verschiedenen Metall-Coprogene verhalten sich bei der Aufnahme kompetitiv und werden nach folgender Affinitätsreihe angereichert: Ga〉Fe〉Al〉V〉Cr〉Co. Die gleiche Reihenfolge wird eingehalten bei der Regulation der Desferricoprogenbiosynthese. Ein Modell für die Aufnahme, das auf der Stabilität der Metall-Coprogene basiert, wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The production of desferricoprogen in Neurospora crassa, arg-5, ota, aga is suppressed by addition of Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and V3+ to the medium. In the presence of Cr3+ and Co3+, the mutant behaves as under iron-deficient conditions. Once started, the biosynthesis of coprogen is suppressed within 24 h by Fe-Coprogen (10 μM), Ga-Coprogen (10 μM), and Al-Coprogen (〉100 μM). The uptake of Coprogen corresponds to a saturation kinetic, whereas the uptake of desferricoprogen and Fe3+ is in accordance with a diffusion line. The different metal analogues of coprogen exhibit competitive behavior during the uptake, and are concentrated by the cells in the following order of affinity: Ga〉Fe〉Al〉V〉Cr〉Co, which seems to be the same sequence in the regulation of the desferricoprogen biosynthesis. A model for uptake, based on the stability of the metal coprogens, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409282
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic products of microorganisms (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Iron Transport ; Sideramines ; Neurospora ; Aspergillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transport of 55Fe3+, mediated by various fungal sideramines, was tested using an ornithine-deficient mutant of Neurospora crassa (arg-5, ota, aga), which can be cultivated completely free of its own sideramines. We have found that Neurospora crassa is able to accumulate iron by its own chelate coprogen (K m∼20 μM, V max∼1.74 nmol/mg min) and also by the two exogenous sideramines ferricrocin (K m∼5 μM, V max∼0.22 nmol/mg min) and ferrichrysin (K m∼20 μM, V max∼0.4 nmol/mg min) produced by members of the genus Aspergillus. Other sideramines like ferrichrome, ferrichrome A, and ferrirubin were relatively ineffective as iron transport molecules for this organism. Competitive inhibition of coprogen uptake was observed with all ferrichrome-group compounds: ferrichrysin (K i∼140 μM), ferrichrome and ferricrocin (K i∼5 μM). Ferrirubin (K i∼0.5 μM) was the strongest inhibitor of coprogen uptake in Neurospora crassa. Inhibition experiments indicate that ferrirubin may possibly block the uptake of coprogen and ferrichrome-type compounds by occupying the receptor sites without being preferably transported. For further characterisation of the coprogen uptake system in Neurospora crassa comparative uptake experiments were performed with the parent wild-type strain 74 A, and with a ferricrocin-producing Aspergillus fumigatus strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425266
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation and isolation of herbicolin A, a peptide antibiotic produced byErwinia herbicola strain A 111 (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 34 (1991), S. 565-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Erwinia herbicola (Enterobacter agglomerans), belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, produces the lipopeptide antibiotics herbicolin A and B, which are active against sterol-containing fungi. Fermentation of these antibiotics was performed in 20-1 stirred glass fermentors in a batch process. Best yields of antibiotic production were found at low cultivation temperatures in a TRIS-buffered chemically defined medium. Under these conditions the amount of impurities aggravating the purification was minimized. Isolation was performed by adsorption, and gel and ion exchange chromatographic techniques. In a final purification step preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC) yielded pure herbicolin A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167899
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface iron polymers and hydroxy acids. A model of iron supply in sideramine-free fungi (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Iron hydroxide ; Hydroxy acids ; Iron transport Neurospora crassa ; Iron deficiency ; Iron (III)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical and electron microscopic evidence is presented that sideramine-free fungi form iron hydroxide polymer layers on the cell surface when grown in an iron containing medium. Iron hydroxide polymer formation on the cell surface is completely prevented in sideramine producing strains of Neurospora crassa. After feeding a sideramine-free mutant of Neurospora crassa with ornithine in order to restore the sideramine synthesis the iron hydroxide coat is gradually dissolved. The addition of excess citrate and malate to the incubation medium also prevents iron polymer adsorption, suggesting that hydroxy acids may be involved in iron supply, when sideramine-free organisms are grown in iron containing media. In order to study the interaction between iron hydroxide polymer deposition upon the cell surface and iron chelating acids in Neurospora crassa, the amount and the proportion of excreted acids was studied under various experimental conditions. Gas chromatographic analysis of the acids produced under iron deficient conditions revealed that succinate, malate and citrate were present within the cells in the early growth phase. The acids were sequentially excreted into the medium in the order succinate, malate and citrate. The amount of succinate decreased after 2 days of cultivation, whereas the amount of malate and citrate continually increased. Although citrate was present within the cells from the 1st day, excretion occurred very late, generally after the 3rd day. It is suggested that sideramine-free fungi first adsorb iron as a hydroxide polymer on the cell surface, and that it is gradually solubilized by excreted hydroxy acids such as citrate or malate. Thus high local concentrations of iron chelated by hydroxy acids provide sideramine-free fungi with a continuous iron supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409204
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bone Marrow Cells ; Iron Transport ; Sideramines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An in vitro kultivierten Knochenmarkzellen (Detroit-98) wurden Versuche zur Aufnahme von Eisen aus 55Fe-markiertem Transferrin, Eisencitrat, Fusigen, Coprogen, Ferrichrom, Ferricrocin, Ferrichrysin, Ferrirubin und Ferrioxamin B durchgeführt. Von den eingesetzten Sideraminen wurden Fusigen und Ferricrocin besonders gut angereichert. Transferrin, Ferrioxamin B und Ferricrocin zeigten im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich (0,5–8,0 μM) eine Sättigungskinetik. Die Aufnahme aller übrigen untersuchten Eisenkomplexe ergab im V/S-Diagramm eine lineare Beziehung. Nach 1 Std Aufnahme wurden in den Zellen Anreicherungen des angebotenen Eisens gemessen, die für Eisencitrat das ca. 60fache, für Fusigen und Ferricrocin das ca. 20fache und für Transferrin und die übrigen Pilzsideramine das ca. 6fache der äußeren Konzentration betrugen. Im Gegensatz zu Transferrin und Ferricrocin war die Aufnahme durch Eisencitrat und Fusigen temperaturabhängig. Eine pH-Abhängigkeit wurde nicht beobachtet. Effluxmessungen zeigten, daß der größte Teil des aufgenommenen Eisens in den Zellen gebunden war und durch Lyse nicht freigesetzt werden konnte.
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of iron from 55Fe-labeled transferrin, ferric citrate, fusigen, coprogen, ferrichrome, ferricrocin, ferrichrysin, ferrirubin and ferrioxamine B was studied on in vitro cultures of bone marrow cells (Detroit-98). From all supplied iron complexes of the sideramine type, fusigen and ferricrocin were especially well accumulated. Transferrin, ferrioxamine B and ferricrocin showed a saturation kinetic within the investigated concentration range (0.5–8.0 μM). For all other iron complexes a linear relationship in the V/S-plot could be observed. After 1 hr uptake the iron content of the cells was approximately the 60-fold of the outer concentration for ferric citrate, the 20-fold for fusigen and ferricrocin and the 6-fold for transferrin and the other sideramines. Uptake of ferric citrate and fusigen was temperature dependent. A pH-dependence could not be observed. Efflux measurements revealed that the largest part of the accumulated iron was retained inside the cell and could not be released by osmotic lysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446326
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