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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential supervision and cognitive structure effects on empathy and counseling effectiveness (1981)
    Springer
    International journal for the advancement of counselling 4 (1981), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigated the effects of didactic and experiential supervision procedures on the judged counseling effectiveness of high and low cognitive complexity counselor trainees. Subjects in the two supervision groups (N=16) were trained in attending, questioning, and reflection of feeling over three sessions. Training consisted of exposure to videotaped counseling models, discussion of the model's behavior with the supervisor, videotaped role playing of therapy, and discussion of the therapy with the supervisor. Training was exactly the same for both groups except for supervision. A control group (N=8) did not receive any training. All subjects, including controls, were pre- and post-tested for counseling effectiveness as measured by judged tape ratings on the 25-item Counselor Effectiveness Scale and four scales designed to assess affective, exploratory, listening, and honest labeling responses. High complex subjects responsed more favorably to the didactic supervision significantly outperforming both the high complex controls and the low complex didactic subjects on four of the five dependent measures, whereas high and low complex subjects did not respond differentially to the experiential supervision. The results were discussed in terms of fitting the complexity of the students to the supervision approach in selecting students for counseling programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139735
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explorations in immediacy: The nonverbal system and its relationship to affective and situational factors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nonverbal behavior 8 (1984), S. 210-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3653
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male college students interacted with a male confederate while the context of the interaction, gaze behaviors of the confederate and the perceived source of the subject's arousal were manipulated. The dependent variables included nonverbal behaviors, affective reactions and perceptions of and liking for the confederate. The study was conducted to provide more information about the relationship among the nonverbal immediacy behaviors and the relevance of several situational variables to each of these behaviors. In addition, there was an examination of Patterson's 1976 contention that the evaluation of the individual's state of arousal determines the reciprocation or compensation of nonverbal intimacy. The data analysis revealed a system of weakly related immediacy behaviors strongly related to the subjects' affective states. A general dominance factor emerged that was related to several nonverbal behaviors and it was confirmed that arousal was related to both nonverbal behavior and interpersonal attraction. It seemed doubtful, however, that this relationship was as straightforward as Patterson's model predicted. The results are discussed in light of problems specific to this area of research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987292
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex differences in self-confidence: The influence of comparison to others' ability level (1983)
    Springer
    Sex roles 9 (1983), S. 925-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigators have suggested that women display lower self-confidence than men in almost all achievement settings. The validity of this suggestion is assessed in an experiment testing the impact of comparison to others upon sex differences. Male and female undergraduates, who expected to cooperate in the future with a same-sex partner of high, average, or low ability, selected a difficulty level for an achievement test, completed the test, evaluated their own performance, and estimated their future partner's probable performance. As predicted, only when subjects' future partner was highly competent did women select an easier test than men, perform less well, and compare themselves less favorably to their partner. Also, women's, but not men's, self-evaluations depended upon their partner's ability level. It is concluded that sex differences are moderated by social comparison variables. Cognitive processes that may underlie such differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290054
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Traditional vs. nontraditional women and men's perceptions of the personalities and physiques of ideal women and men (1995)
    Springer
    Sex roles 32 (1995), S. 675-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Traditional and nontraditional women and men's perceptions of ideal people, in terms of both traits and physiques, were assessed using 80 male and 80 female Caucasian undergraduates as study participants. The data indicated that traditional women and men perceived the ideal male as mesomorphic and as having more instrumental than expressive traits. Nontraditional women and men also favored a mesomorphic physique for the ideal male, but they differed from traditionals in that they saw this mesomorphic male as being androgynous in regard to traits. Concerning the ideal female, traditional and nontraditional women and men preferred an androgynous physique, but they differed in their perceptions of the ideal personality for a woman. Traditional women and men perceived their ideal women as having more expressive than instrumental traits, whereas nontraditional women and men saw their ideal women as being androgynous in regard to traits. The results are discussed within the framework of Bem's gender schema and enculturated lens theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544218
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forms of Competitive Attitude and Achievement Orientation in Relation to Disordered Eating (1999)
    Springer
    Sex roles 40 (1999), S. 853-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract The primary focus in this study was anexamination of the differential contributions of twodifferent forms of competitive attitude to disorderedeating in a nonclinical sample of Caucasian universitywomen. The results showed that it is not competitionper se that is a primary contributor to eatingdisorders, but rather a particular form of competitiveattitude. Specifically, hypercompetitiveness was related strongly to eating disorder symptoms, butpersonal development competitiveness was unrelated. Asecond purpose considered the relationship ofcontext-specific measures of achievement to eatingdisorder symptoms. Disordered eating was associatedpositively with the need to achieve in appearance, butnot to a need to achieve in academics and career.Discussion centered on the potential usefulness of these findings in the treatment of women who areeating disordered. It also argued for changes in asocialization process which often leads to thedevelopment of hypercompetitive attitudes and anovervaluing of beauty in American women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018873005147
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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