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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Mathematical Association of America :Mathematical Association of America,
    Title: International Mathematical Olympiads 1878-1985 and Fourty Supplementary Problems; 31
    Author: Klamkin, Murray S.
    Publisher: Mathematical Association of America :Mathematical Association of America,
    Year of publication: 1986
    Pages: 142 S.
    Series Statement: New Mathematical Library 31
    Type of Medium: Book
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 51 (1986), S. 2712-2716 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 47 (1982), S. 2154-2157 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 775-791 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diffusion coefficients for H, D, and T on a Ni(100) surface and in bulk Ni are calculated using variational transition state theory with semiclassical ground-state transmission coefficients using two potential energy surfaces obtained by the embedded atom method (EAM). The original EAM potential reproduces experimental bulk diffusion coefficients, but greatly overestimates the diffusion coefficients for H and D on Ni(100). By refining the empirical potential parameters, a new EAM potential is developed that accurately reproduces both the bulk and surface diffusion coefficients. The variational transition state theory calculations are used to analyze the unusually low (compared to gas phase) H/D kinetic isotope effects for diffusion in bulk and on the Ni(100) surface. For the temperature range for which experiments have been carried out, quantum mechanical tunneling contributes negligibly to the diffusion and, in these cases, the kinetic isotope effect is determined largely by the change in zero-point energy between the reactant equilibrium binding sites and the transition state. A near equality of the reactant and transition state zero-point energies leads to the unusually low kinetic isotope effects. Using the same refined EAM potential energy surface, the energetics of diffusion on the Ni(111) and Ni(110) surfaces are also presented. The barriers for diffusion on these two surfaces are sufficiently low, about 1.0 kcal/mol, that the approximation of uncorrelated hops needed to relate the computed hopping rate to the diffusion coefficient is suspect. Although diffusion coefficients were not computed, based upon an analysis of the zero-point energies at the reactants and saddle points, we predict that the H/D kinetic isotope effects for diffusion on these two surfaces will also be close to unity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 1295-1301 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys have demonstrated strains up to 5% resulting from the rearrangement of crystallographic variants by twin boundary motion under an applied field. A model is proposed that describes twin boundaries moving abruptly in order to accommodate either the mechanical energy of an applied stress σε0 or the magnetic interaction energy of the applied field MsH. This model provides predictions of the materials response under both field and load. The principal conclusion of the model is that when one energy, either mechanical or magnetic, becomes larger than the other, the twins will move to abruptly rearrange the entire sample to a variant stable under the new condition. Experiments were performed to verify this model in Ni–Mn–Ga shape memory alloy. The abrupt change of the variant structure was observed experimentally although the twin boundaries only swept through limited potions of the sample. Experimental field-induced strains reached 2.2%. Samples were also tested under cycled field with constant load and showed cyclic strains of 1.5%. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The growth of an unstable density interface from a nonlinear, single-mode, two-dimensional initial perturbation (10 μm amplitude; 23 μm wavelength) has been studied experimentally using a miniature shock tube attached to a gold hohlraum irradiated by the Nova laser [J. T. Hunt and D. R. Speck, Opt. Eng. 28, 461 (1989)]. The initial perturbation was machined into a brominated plastic ablator (1.22 g/cm3) adjacent to a low density carbon foam (0.10 g/cm3). Upon laser illumination of the hohlraum and x-ray ablation of the plastic, a strong shock wave (Mach∼30) propagated across the perturbed density interface causing the onset of the Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instability. The interface subsequently experienced a relatively weak Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) unstable deceleration. The nonlinear growth of the mixing layer was obtained from time-resolved radiography of the x-ray transmission through the shock tube, and the decompression-corrected results were compared to published incompressible models, including a Lagrangian energy formulation. The experimental data were also compared with the results of two-dimensional numerical simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5774-5776 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A room temperature free shear strain of 5.7% is reported in a single crystal of Ni–Mn–Ga having a composition close to the Heusler alloy Ni2MnGa. A twin boundary was created in a 2 mm×2 mm×25 mm single crystal using a permanent magnet with surface field strength of about 320 000 A/m. A sharp 6.5° bend occurs in the sample at the twin boundary. The surface magnetization changes abruptly across this boundary. By moving the sample relative to the edge of the magnet, we were able to sweep the boundary back and forth along the crystal length. Surface magnetization was measured using a Hall probe and the results confirm that the easy axis is the tetragonal c axis. Powder x-ray diffraction shows that the fcc to body-centered-tetragonal bct martensitic transition of this material involved a 6% reduction of the bct cell c/a ratio, from (square root of 2) to about 1.33. The maximum achievable strain is thus estimated to be 6.2%. The twin planes in the system are the {112}bct and were observed to lie almost normal to the long axis of the sample tested. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 773-773 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Radioactive ion beams (RIBs) of short-lived isotopes of fluorine are in demand for investigating astrophysical phenomena related to the hot CNO cycle and rp processes responsible for stellar nucleosynthesis. Since negative ion beams are required for injection into tandem electrostatic accelerators, such as the 25 MV tandem accelerator used for post acceleration of RIBs for the Holifield radioactive ion beam facility research program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, efficient, direct-formation F− ion sources are highly desirable. We have conceived and evaluated a direct extraction F− source for potential RIB applications which is predicated on the reverse polarity operation of a positive electron-beam-plasma target/ion source (EBPTIS) while simultaneously feeding fluorine-rich compounds and Cs vapor into the source. The source is found to operate in two separately distinct temperature regimes for the generation of F−: (1) a high cathode temperature regime or plasma mode and (2) a lower cathode temperature regime or surface ionization mode. For the latter mode of operation, net efficiencies of η=0.2% were attained for the EBPTIS; delay times, τ, attributable to the transport of F and fluoride compounds from the target to the ionization chamber of the source, typically, were found to be τ∼60 s. Brief descriptions of the EBPTIS and experimental techniques used in the studies, as well as net efficiency and effusive flow data for the negative EBPTIS, are presented in this article. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1353-1353 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A rf ion source is presently being developed and evaluated as a potential candidate for use in generating radioactive ion beams (RIBs) for the experimental research program at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. For this application, any time delays that are excessively long with respect to the half-life of the radioactive species of interest can result in significant losses of the RIB intensity; therefore the times for effusive flow through the ion source are of fundamental importance since they set limits on the minimum half-life of radioactive species that can be processed in the source. Complementary experimental and computational techniques have been developed which can be used to determine the characteristic delay times for gaseous species in low-pressure ion source assemblies. These techniques are used to characterize the effusive delay times for the stable counterparts of various atomic and molecular radioactive species in the ORNL-rf source: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, CO, CO2, N2, N2O, and O2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1670-1673 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A rf ion source is presently being developed and evaluated as a potential candidate for use in generating radioactive ion beams (RIBs) for the experimental research program at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) now under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. For this application, any time delays that are excessively long with respect to the half-life of the radioactive species of interest can result in significant losses of the RIB intensity; therefore the times for effusive flow through the ion source are of fundamental importance since they set limits on the minimum half-life of radioactive species that can be processed in the source. Complementary experimental and computational techniques have been developed which can be used to determine the characteristic delay times for gaseous species in low-pressure ion source assemblies. These techniques are used to characterize the effusive delay times for the stable counterparts of various atomic and molecular radioactive species in the ORNL-rf source: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, CO, CO2, N2, N2O, and O2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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