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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A LATENT TRAIT APPROACH TO UNIFYING CRIMINAL CAREERS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 28 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: We propose a latent trait model that simultaneously accounts for both participation in crime and the frequency of crimes, phenomena that the criminal career model attributes to different causal processes. The criminal career model is predicated on a categorical distinction between active offenders and nonoffenders, but the latent trait model assumes a continuous distribution of propensity to offend. Our specific statistical model relates a relatively stable and general latent propensity to engage in crime to the frequency of criminal behavior. The latent trait model successfully fit both the proportion of offenders (participation) and frequency of offending for several samples and several measures of offending. The model fit both samples of whites and nonwhites and both males and females. This shows that separate causal processes are not necessary to account for group differences in frequency and in participation, which disproves the major evidence in favor of the criminal career model. Finally, the latent trait model yielded evidence that disparate sex differences in rates of participation for different categories of offenses are consistent with a single difference on a latent trait. This demonstrates the latent trait model's potential for parsimoniously unifying knowledge about criminal careers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01325.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Inferring a Majority from a Sample: The Sawtoothed Function Phenomenon (1985)
    Baltimore, Md. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Behavioral science. 30:3 (1985:July) 127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-7940
    Topics: Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5019-1985-030-03-000002
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A latent-trait based reliability estimate and upper bound (1990)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 55 (1990), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: reliability ; item response theory ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract An estimate and an upper-bound estimate for the reliability of a test composed of binary items is derived from the multidimensional latent trait theory proposed by Bock and Aitkin (1981). The estimate derived here is similar to internal consistency estimates (such as coefficient alpha) in that it is a function of the correlations among test items; however, it is not a lowerbound estimate as are all other similar methods. An upper bound to reliability that is less than unity does not exist in the context of classical test theory. The richer theoretical background provided by Bock and Aitkin's latent trait model has allowed the development of an index (called δ here) that is always greater-than or equal-to the reliability coefficient for a test (and is less-than or equal-to one). The upper bound estimate of reliability has practical uses—one of which makes use of the “greatest lower bound”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02294744
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maximally correlated orthogonal composites and oblique factor analytic solutions (1977)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 42 (1977), S. 439-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: factor analysis ; Procrustes ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Kaiser presented a method for finding a set of derived orthogonal variables which correlate maximally with a set of original variables. A simpler, more complete derivation of Kaiser's result is given and compared to related types of transformations. The transformation derived here suggests a direct method for finding the orthogonal factor solution which is maximally similar to a given oblique solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293661
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some symmetric, invariant measures of multivariate association (1979)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 44 (1979), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: canonical correlation ; multivariate analysis ; association ; redundancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A distinction is drawn between redundancy measurement and the measurement of multivariate association for two sets of variables. Several measures of multivariate association between two sets of variables are examined. It is shown that all of these measures are generalizations of the (univariate) squared-multiple correlation; all are functions of the canonical correlations, and all are invariant under linear transformations of the original sets of variables. It is further shown that the measures can be considered to be symmetric and are strictly ordered for any two sets of observed variables. It is suggested that measures of multivariate relationship may be used to generalize the concept of test reliability to the case of vector random variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293783
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ability estimation for conventional tests (1993)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 58 (1993), S. 587-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: item response theory ; ability estimation ; reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Five different ability estimators—maximum likelihood [MLE (θ)], weighted likelihood [WLE (θ)], Bayesian modal [BME (θ)], expected a posteriori [EAP (θ)] and the standardized number-right score [Z (θ)]—were used as scores for conventional, multiple-choice tests. The bias, standard error and reliability of the five ability estimators were evaluated using Monte Carlo estimates of the unknown conditional means and variances of the estimators. The results indicated that ability estimates based on BME (θ), EAP (θ) or WLE (θ) were reasonably unbiased for the range of abilities corresponding to the difficulty of a test, and that their standard errors were relatively small. Also, they were as reliable as the old standby—the number-right score.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02294829
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some relationships between the information function of IRT and the signal/noise ratio and reliability coefficient of classical test theory (1993)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 58 (1993), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: test theory ; IRT ; reliability ; information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that IRTs information function for an item is functionally related to “local” versions of classical test theories' signal/noise ratio and reliability coefficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02294477
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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