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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 29 (1995), S. 31-50 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A testing procedure with a new and simple specimen shape is presented which is appropriate to characterize fracturing of inhomogeneous and complex materials like wood. With this, the fracture energy of spruce wood is determined in the TL and RL direction. The “size effect”, i.e. influences of specimen dimensions on KIC and Gf (specific fracture energy) are investigated. Stress and deformation distribution in the newly developed specimens are analysed with FE methods. The measured load-displacement curves are approximated by bilinear softening diagrams and FE analysis. Based on these results, it is tried to interpret typical deviations from LEFM's behaviour by mechanisms like microcracking, crack branching or crack tip bridging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57 (1999), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2 -belastet war, wurde auf seine mechanischen Eigenschaften und auf seine Dichte und Jahrringbreite hin untersucht. Früh- und Spätholzbreite und Dichte wurden mittels Röntgendensitometrie, die mechanischen Eigenschaften mittels Keilspaltverfahren bestimmt. Durch die Verwendung von rechteckigen, gekerbten Proben ließ sich die Kerbzugfestigkeit σNTS jedes Jahrrings in RL-Orientierung bestimmen. Die Resultate zeigen einen klaren Zusammenhang zwischen Frühholzdichte und Kerbzugfestigkeit sowie einen gewissen inversen Zusammenhang zwischen Jahrringbreite und Kerbzugfestigkeit bzw. Schallemissionsaktivität und Frühholzbreite für die wenig geschädigten Bäume. Bei den stärker geschädigten Bäumen war die Streuung der Meßwerte deutlich höher und die Abhängigkeiten schwächer ausgeprägt. Die Resultate und Zusammenhänge deuten darauf hin, daß die Kerbzugfestigkeit durch die SO2 Belastung über den Jahrringwuchs (Jahrringbreite) und die Dichte beeinflußt wird. Die Resultate zeigen einen stärkeren Einfluß der SO2 Belastung zwischen 1970 und 1985 und deuten auf eine Erholung in den Holzeigenschaften bei jenen Bäumen, die diese Periode überlebt haben, hin.
    Notes: 2 pollution during approximately 1935 and 1992 respectively, was studied as to its mechanical properties (fracture toughness, acoustic emission (AE)) as well as its density and annual ring width changes. Earlywood and latewood width and density were measured with X-ray densitometry equipment. The mechanical tests were performed with specimens taken from the same trees using the wedge splitting technique. Using notched, rectangularly shaped specimens, the experiments allowed to determine the notch-tensile strength σNTS of each yearring in RL orientation separately by differentiating earlywood and latewood. The results show clear correlations between earlywood density and notch-tensile strength, good, inverse correlation to some extent between ring width and σNTS and also between AE emission activity and earlywood width for the less polluted trees. Data scattering with resulting less pronounced trends was found for all parameters measured for the more severely polluted trees. The results and correlations allow assuming that σNTS is influenced by the SO2 pollution to some extent via treering growth (ring width) and density. The results point to a more pronounced influence of SO2 pollution between approximately 1970 and 1985 than before that time, and a subsequent recovery of the tested wood properties in the trees that had survived this period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract X-ray microbeam technique and recrystallization method were used to measure plastic zones around 20 kHz fatigue cracks in mild steel. Both methods render approximately the same extension of a plastic zone. In order to obtain the amount of deformation within a plastic zone measurements of integral line breadth and recrystallization temperature were calibrated by specimens deformed with known per cent static tension. But since static and cyclic loading cause different dislocation structures (especially the dislocation density is much more inhomogeneous in fatigued specimens) quantitative comparison is difficult. Furthermore the two methods display different values of the actual amount of deformation. X-ray line broadening indicates an average dislocation density, whereas recrystallization displays a maximum amount of deformation, which corresponds to the local dislocation concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Crack Growth in a 13% Chromium Steel at Frequencies from 10-3 to 104 Hertz. Determination of the Threshold Stress Intensity ΔK0 by Ultrasonic FatigueFracture mechanics fatigue crack growth tests were run with loading frequencies from 10-3 to 104 Hertz. The results show that the environmental effects on fatigue crack growth decrease strongly at higher frequencies. Ultrasonic fatigue tests in water yield the same crack growth rates as low frequency fatigue tests in vacuum. Ultrasonic fatigue tests allow the measurement of the fatigue threshold stress intensity ΔK0 within reasonable testing times.
    Notes: Bruchmechanische Ermüdungsversuche wurden sowohl niederfrequent (bis 10-3 Hertz) als auch hochfrequent (mit Hilfe von Ultraschall und Hochgeschwindigkeitschromatographie bis 2,1 × 104 Hertz) durchgeführt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß der Einfluß korrosiver Umgebungen auf die Ermüdungsrißwachstumsgeschwindigkeit zu höheren Frequenzene hin abnimmt. Ultraschallermüdung des Stahls in Wasser führt zu gleichen Rißgeschwindigkeiten wie niederfrequente Ermüdung im Vakuum. Insbesondere für den Bereich kleiner Spannungsintensitätswerte bietet der Ultraschall-Ermüdungsversuch den Vorteil, den Schwellwert ΔK0 der Spannungsintensität, unter dem kein Rißfortschritt festzustellen ist, in kurzer Zeit zu ermitteln.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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