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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transparent ion intercalation films of Zr–Ce oxide (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 2024-2026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zr–Ce oxide films were made by reactive dc magnetron cosputtering. The elemental composition was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometery and the crystalline structure by x-ray diffraction. Li intercalation/deintercalation was accomplished potentiodynamically in a liquid electrolyte. The films remained fully transparent irrespective of their degree of lithiation, which may be reconciled with a population/depopulation of Ce 4f levels. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364059
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular-selective optical transmittance through obliquely evaporated Cr films: Experiments and theory (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5361-5364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Strongly angular-selective thin Cr films were made by oblique angle evaporation. The optical transmittance could be quantitatively modeled by the Bruggeman effective medium theory applied to inclined structural units. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363476
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic light scattering from electrochromic tungsten-oxide-based films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Films of W oxide and oxyfluoride were made by reactive sputtering, and electrochromic absorption modulation was obtained by subsequent electrochemical Li intercalation. Total and diffuse transmittance and reflectance were measured in the 0.4–1 μm wavelength range using a newly developed instrument. The ratio between diffuse and total optical response was 〈0.2% for the transmittance and 〈1% for the reflectance irrespective of the electrochromic absorption level. These magnitudes of the scattering are acceptable for practical smart windows applications and lend credence to a description of electrochromism in terms of localized absorption centers. Vector perturbation theory for light scattering by a film with rough interfaces could be reconciled with the data, assuming uncorrelated roughness. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362778
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochromic vanadium–pentoxide–based films: Structural, electrochemical, and optical properties (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 4655-4666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Crystalline VO2.5 films were prepared by reactive dc magnetron sputtering followed by annealing posttreatment. Lithium was inserted electrochemically from an electrolyte so that LixVO2.5 (0〈x〈1.5) was formed. The evolution of the electromotive force (EMF) was recorded during Li intercalation. For lithiated samples, structure by x-ray diffraction, optical properties by spectrophotometry in the 0.3–2.5 μm range, infrared reflectance by spectrophotometry in the 400–1200 cm−1 interval, and the mechanical stress by beam deflectometry were studied. Changes in lattice parameters, phonon spectra, and stress levels gave a consistent picture of the structural evolution. Measurements of optical absorption and EMF were interpreted within a conceptual model of interband transitions between the O 2p band and a split V 3d band. Durability and reversibility of the Li intercalation/deintercalation were verified by potentiodynamic measurements. For comparison, the properties of highly disordered films were also measured. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359433
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obliquely evaporated Cr films with large angular selectivity (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2816-2818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Obliquely evaporated Cr films had inclined columnar microstructure and showed angular selectivity in the optical properties. Specifically, the p-polarized transmittance was much larger for light incident along the columns than across the columns. Optimization of the deposition parameters yielded higher angular selectivity than reported in earlier work. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358690
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Li diffusion in Ti oxyfluoride films: Thermal activation energy and jump length derived from impedance spectroscopy (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2169-2174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Li ions were electrochemically intercalated into sputtered Ti oxyfluoride films. The process was found to be thermally activated with an activation energy depending on the amount of intercalated Li and decreasing with increasing Li content. The chemical diffusion coefficient was thermally activated as well with an activation energy of ∼0.5 eV independent of the amount of intercalated Li. The origin of the activation energy was discussed in terms of the Anderson–Stuart model. It was found likely that strain energy is needed to open up "doorways'' in the Ti oxyfluoride structure to allow Li ion transport. The jump length for the Li ions inside the Ti oxyfluoride was estimated to lie in the 4–8 A(ring) interval. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363108
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochromism of fluorinated and electron-bombarded tungsten oxide films (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1968-1974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Reactive dc magnetron sputtering of W was performed in a plasma of Ar+O2 with and without CF4 addition and substrate bias. Structural studies by atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the electron e bombardment associated with a positive substrate bias led to grain growth and partial crystallization while maintaining a high density of W=O double bonds presumably on internal surfaces. Electrochemical measurements showed that the durability under extended Li+ intercalation/ deintercalation was excellent for e-bombarded oxide films and poor for oxyfluoride films. Spectrophotometric studies of the electrochromism yielded that the color/bleach dynamics was slow for the e-bombarded oxide but fast for the oxyfluoride. The range of optical modulation was large. Tandem films, with a thin protective layer of e-bombarded oxide covering a thicker oxyfluoride layer, were able to combine rapid dynamics with good durability. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360169
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angular-selective optical transmittance of highly transparent Al-oxide-based films made by oblique-angle sputtering (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 2894-2896 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Films with angular and spectral selectivity of the optical transmittance were produced by reactive magnetron sputtering with oblique incidence of the deposition species towards a substrate. These data could be reconciled with multiparameter fits to a model based on the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory applied to a three-component structure with inclined columns, surrounded by voids, comprised of elongated Al particles in an Al2O3 matrix. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360034
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased electrochromism in Li-intercalated Ti oxide films containing La, Ce, and Pr (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 8002-8010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Films of Ti–La oxide, Ti–Ce oxide, and Ti–Pr oxide were produced by reactive dc magnetron sputtering. Their composition was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. X-ray diffractometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy indicated that the microstructure was heavily disordered and in most cases Ti-oxidelike. Electrochemical Li intercalation/deintercalation was studied by cyclic voltammetry, and ensuing optical data were recorded by spectrophotometry. Ce addition diminished the electrochromism, and films with Ce/Ti atom ratios exceeding 0.3 were almost fully transparent irrespective of their lithiation, pointing at the potential applications of such films as counter electrodes in transparent electrochromic devices. The optical and electrochemical data were discussed in terms of a model based on electron insertion/extraction in 4f states located in the gap between the valence and conduction bands of CeO2. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365404
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochromism in lithiated Sn oxide: Mössbauer spectroscopy data on valence state changes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2367-2371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lithiated Sn oxide films, denoted LixSnO2, were produced by reactive rf magnetron sputtering of Sn and electrochemical post-treatment. Optical transmittance and Mössbauer spectra were recorded for progressively increased lithiation. Increasing x from zero to ∼0.1 did not have any significant effect on the optical data or Mössbauer spectra, and it is likely that the lithium is located in internal double layers in the film. Further increasing x from ∼0.1 to ∼0.2 yielded significant transmittance drops and Mössbauer spectra unambiguously showing a conversion Sn4+→Sn2+. Hence the optical absorption can be reconciled with intervalency transitions as in other cathodically coloring electrochromic oxides. Electrocrystallization appeared to dominate the electrochemistry at x(approximately-greater-than)0.2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363071
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