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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamate Inhibition of the Adrenergic-Stimulated Production of Melatonin in Rat Pineal Gland In Vitro (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effect of l-glutamate on the adrenergic-stimulated release of melatonin in the rat pineal gland was examined using an in vitro perfusion system. l-Glutamate by itself had no effect on melatonin secretion whereas l-glutamate administered prior to (–)-isoproterenol (β-adrenergic agonist) and l-phenylephrine (α-adrenergic agonist) inhibited melatonin production by 42%. l-Glutamate did not inhibit melatonin secretion when glands were stimulated with (–)-isoproterenol alone. d-Glutamate, as well as the l-glutamate agonists kainate, N-methyl-d-aspartate, quisqualate, and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid, had no effect on the (–)-isoproterenol-and l-phenylephrine-stimulated secretion of melatonin, which suggests that the inhibitory effects of glutamate are not mediated via any of the known glutamate receptor subtypes. The possibility that l-glutamate may be converted to another neuroactive compound (GABA) prior to the addition of (–)-isoproterenol and l-phenylephrine is suggested by the observation that simultaneous administration of l-glutamate with (–)-isoproterenol and l-phenylephrine did not inhibit melatonin production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62062241.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a [3H]glutamate binding site in rat pineal gland: Enhanced affinity following superior cervical ganglionectomy (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 14 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter/neuromodulator involved in cell-to-cell communication within the central nervous system, is now believed to play a role in neuroendocrine function. In this study we describe a single, saturable, stereospecific, and temperature-, time-, and pH-dependent binding site for glutamate in the pineal gland of the rat (Kd= 612 ± 23 nM, Bmax= 3.17 ± 0.33 pmol/mg protein). After removal of the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland, [3H]glutamate binding displayed a higher apparent affinity (Kd= 412 ± 28 nM) (P 〈 0.05) without a change in binding site number (Bmax= 3.60 ± 0.24 pmol/mg protein). No difference in [3H]glutamate binding site number was observed in pineal glands obtained from animals sacrificed during the middle of the light and dark periods. These data suggest a possible modulatory role for a glutamate binding site in pineal gland function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00483.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotrophic effects of the pineal gland: Role of non-neuronal cells in co-cultures of the pineal gland and superior cervical ganglia (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 19 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The pineal gland (PG) is a source of several trophic factors. In this study, PG and superior cervical ganglia (SCG) from Sprague-Dawley neonates (1-day-old) were co-cultured to test the hypothesis that endogenous release of PG NGF (or an NGF-like cytokine) is sufficient to promote survival of SCG neurons. Neuronal density of SCG neurons was significantly enhanced when co-cultured with PG for 7 days compared to SCG cultured alone. SCG survival and neurite formation in PG co-cultures was less than in SCG treated with exogenous NGF (100 ng/ml). The neurotrophic effect of PG co-cultures was abolished when 1% anti-NGF was added to the medium. Co-cultures of SCG neurons with established 7-day PG cultures induced extensive SCG neurite formation within 24 hr compared to SCG co-cultured with 1-day PG cultures. This suggests that PG neurotrophic effects are due to PG non-neuronal cells (nnc) that proliferate to confluency by 7 days in culture. S-antigen-positive pinealocytes did not proliferate in culture. There was decreased SCG survival when neurons were seeded onto PG cultures that had been previously killed by drying, which suggests that the neurotrophic effects of nnc are not substrate-dependent. Immunocytochemical characterization of PG nnc revealed a heterogenous mixture of astrocytes, macrophage/ microglia, and fibroblasts. These findings support the hypothesis that NGF is actively secreted by PG and that nnc are the principal source of this neurotophin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00169.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of Synaptic Ribbons in Pineal Photoreceptors Under Normal and Experimental Lighting Conditions (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 1 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The size of synaptic ribbons (SR) in photoreceptor cells of the goldfish pineal organ was quantified over 24-h light:dark cycles of long (16:8) and short (10:14) photoperiods during summer and winter months, respectively. The amplitude of both rhythms was similar with peak values occurring toward the latter part of the photophase or early dark. When fish were entrained to the long photoperiod and exposed to continual light, SR size continued to increase during the expected dark time. The effect of extending the photoperiod into the expected dark time was diminished when fish were entrained to a short photoperiod and presented with 6 h of darkness at the end of the 24-h period. The size increase in response to environmental lighting is believed to reflect a greater demand for either vesicle attachment sites or neurotransmitter storage sites since vesicles (neurotransmitter) have been hypothesized to accumulate in the synaptic pedicles during inhibition by light. From a comparative standpoint it is noteworthy that synaptic ribbons (vesicle-crowned rods) in mammals react in a similar manner to both normal and experimental lighting conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1984.tb00205.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on the time dependence of pineal gland research publications (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 23 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Graham DJ, McNulty JA. A note on the time dependence of pineal gland research publications. J. Pineal Res. 1997; 23:59–62. ©Munksgaard, Copenhagen〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉AbstractCounts of the number of publication titles containing the search truncation “pinea*” were compiled via Current Contentsover the time period 1978–1994. These counts and their time dependence were examined for autocorrelations and frequency spectral components. Such analyses were carried out irrespective of either author, research laboratory, funding, or other factors. Interestingly, the results show the research publication rate in pineal studies to be linked to community history. In particular, the interactions affecting output among community members operate on a few characteristic time scales ranging from one to several years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00336.x
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  • 6
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    An Analysis of Recall and Recognition Processes in Verbal Learning (1965)
    New York : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Memory and Language. 4:5 (1965:Oct.) 430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-596X
    Topics: Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:b180-1965-004-05-000016
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes Bathylagus wesethi and Nezumia liolepis (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 205-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex ; Dorsal sac ; Paraphysis ; Bathylagus wesethi ; Nezumia liolepis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal complexes of two deep-sea fishes, Bathylagus wesethi (family Bathylagidae) and Nezumia liolepis (family Macrouridae), were studied with both light and electron microscopy. Receptor and supportive cells were identified in the pineals of both species. The presence of receptor cells suggests that the pineals function in photoreception. Ganglion cells could be identified only in B. wesethi. A dorsal sac and a paraphysis were found in B. wesethi; both structures are absent in N. liolepis. Several trends were found when the results of this study were compared with those of a study on the pineal complex of another deep-sea fish, the myctophid Triphoturus mexicanus (McNulty and Nafpaktitis, 1976). Two of these trends, which are correlated with the vertical distributions of the species studied, suggest an increase in the photosensitivity of the pineals. These are: 1) an increase in the average number of outer segment lamellar membranes per receptor cell, and 2) an increase in the ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalks. A functional relationship between the dorsal sac, paraphysis, and pineal central lumen was suggested. The relationship may involve secretory activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic ribbon populations in the pineal gland of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbon ; Pinealocyte ; Ovariectomy ; Estradiol ; Rhesus monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinealocytes of rhesus monkeys that had been ovariectomized and given intramuscular injections of 250 μg estradiol-benzoate for 3 consecutive days tended to have more synaptic ribbons (SR) and exhibited a significantly greater size of ribbon fields (RF) compared to untreated animals. These data are consistent with hypotheses that pinealocyte function in primates is altered by hormonal imbalances and that the SR participates in this response. RF were positioned in various parts of the cytoplasm and along the plasma membrane. Participation of SR in direct cell-to-cell contacts was suggested by the formation of densities along the plasma membrane. It is postulated that large RF serve as storage organelles and that the formation of RF results from division of pre-existing SR in each field. Reconstructions made from serial thin sections revealed that profiles of RF comprised separate SR that were not folded and sectioned along various planes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251051
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of synaptic ribbons in rat pineal gland explants by norepinephrine and sympathetic neurons in a co-culture model (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 283 (1995), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Synaptic ribbon ; Pineal gland ; Co-culture ; Norepinephrine ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Rat (Wistar ; Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The hypothesis that synaptic ribbons in the mammalian pinealocyte are influenced by adrenergic mechanisms was tested in the present study using a co-culture model of pineal glands and superior cervical ganglia from neonatal rats. Pineal gland explants survived and showed a high degree of differentiation when cultured for up to 30 days regardless of the presence or absence of superior cervical ganglia. Pineal glands also had neurotrophic properties promoting the survival and neurite extension from superior cervical ganglia. Synaptic ribbons were a common ultrastructural feature in all pineal cultures. There was a significant decline in synaptic ribbon numbers when co-cultured with superior cervical ganglia for both 7 and 30 days. A similar significant decrease in synaptic ribbon frequency was observed after treatment of pineal explants with norepinephrine (10−5 M) for both 7 and 30 days. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neural mechanisms play an important role in regulating synaptic ribbon numbers, at least during early development. The study also illustrates the utility of pineal gland-superior cervical ganglia co-cultures as a model for future investigations of neuron-target interactions in the pineal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050512
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic characterization of macrophage/microglia cells and expression of class II major histocompatibility complex in the pineal gland of the rat (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Astrocytes ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Macrophages ; Microglia ; MHC class II antigen ; Rat (various stains)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interstitial cells in the pineal gland of the rat were characterized immunocytochemically using the monoclonal antibodies MRC OX-42 and ED1 for macrophages/microglia, and MRC OX-6, which recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. A polyclonal antibody against GFAP was used to identify astrocytes. Cells immunopositive for OX-42 and/or ED1 were distributed throughout the gland; they extended processes primarily along the perivascular spaces and occasionally within the parenchyma of the gland. Ultrastructurally, these OX-42-positive cells were characterized by a nucleus with sparse heterochromatin and cytoplasmic vacuoles/lysosomes. Cells expressing MHC class II antigen had a distribution and morphology similar to OX-42-immunopositive cells, suggesting that pineal macrophages/microglia play a role as antigen-presenting cells. GFAP-positive astrocytes were concentrated at the proximal end of the pineal where the pineal stalk enters the gland. The occurrence of antigenpresenting cells in the circumventricular neuroendocrine gland has important functional implications as these cells may be mediators of neuroimmunomodulatory mechanisms, and involved in certain disease states such as autoimmune pinealitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302731
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