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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoglobulins on Thymus Cells: Reaction with Anti-Light Chain Antibody and Quantitation by Microprecipitin Inhibition with Cell Extracts (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 3 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymus cells were examined for Ig by exposing them to purified anti-mouse L chain Ig labeled with 125I and examining, by bulk counting and radioautography, the amount of reagent bound. In addition, cell extracts were assayed for total Ig by a quantitative microprecipitin inhibition method. Most cells in thymus contained little Ig, but a minor subpopulation, varying in structure, did contain demonstrable Ig. This small proportion of cells (˜1%) appeared to be intrinsic to the thymus, and dose response data indicated that there was a hierarchy of Ig-positive cells. They were enriched in the cortisone-resistant fraction. Most were resistant to both anti-θ and an anti-B-anti-macrophage serum, leaving their identity in doubt. Some further properties, and suggestions as to the possible role of these cells in thymus, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1974.tb01236.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cells Mediating Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in the Lungs of Mice Infected with an Influenza A Virus (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 12 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Effector cells that demonstrate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) on transfer with antigen to naive mice can he recovered from the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally 6 days earlier with a lethal dose (usually 5 × 104EID50) of influenza A virus. The activity recovered was proportional to the dose of virus instilled intranasally and the extent of lung consolidation observed. Active cells could also be recovered from the draining lymph nodes and from the peripheral blood. The effector cells were identified as T lymphocytes of Ly I phenotype and required I-region sharing between donor and recipient for activity to be elicited. They were cross-reactive within the A group of influenza viruses. Two experiments are reported in which immune cell preparations that expressed DTH activity but had very little cytotoxic T cell activity were transferred to mice inoculated 1 or 2 days earlier with a lethal dose of virus. The mice were not protected from death, and in both experiments, the recipient mice died more rapidly than the controls. These results contrast with earlier results in which cell preparations with high cytotoxic T-cell activity were shown to protect recipient infected mice from death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00083.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Generation of ‘Cytotoxic’ Macrophages in Mice during Infection with Influenza A or Sendai Virus (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 15 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Injection of infectious but not of non-infections influenza A virus or of infectious or non-infectious Sendai virus intraperitoneally into mice induces the generation of plastic-adherent cells that arc able to effect release of 51Cr from labelled virus-infected target cells but not from labelled, uninfcctcd cells. Their activity is greatly diminished by exposure to silica or carrageenan but not by anti-Thy I antibody and complement treatment. Similarly, the activity of the cell preparation cannot be explained by contamination with natural killer or ‘K’ cells. Thus, the effector cells were identified as macrophages and for convenience are called ‘cytotoxic macrophages’. The maximum cytotoxic activity was recovered from the peritoneal cavity 5 days after virus injection and declined thereafter. Although the effector cells are cross-reactive in that cells activated by an influenza A strain virus lyse target cells infected with the same or other A strain viruses or with Sendai virus, there is preferential lysis of cells infected with the homologous virus. The action of the effector cells is not H-2-restrictcd. Preliminary experiments showed that similar effector cells can be recovered from the lungs of mice 5 days after intranasal inoculation of infectious influenza virus, so they may contribute to the host control of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00683.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of DTH in the Mouse to Influenza Virus: Comparison with Conditions for Stimulation of Cytotoxic T Cells (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 12 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of sensitization and elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice to both infectious and non-infectious preparations of influenza virus was found to be similar to that of some protein antigens and to other viruses. Sensitization was achieved without added adjuvant. Maximum DTH was elicited in the footpad 6 days after sensitization. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that the effector cells were in the Ig-negative fraction of the spleen and were sensitive to anti-θ and complement. A comparison was made of conditions for the generation of DTH activity with cytotoxic T cells. The route of inoculation was important. With a high dose (103 HAU) of virus, subcutaneous inoculation was the most efficient and intravenous injection the least efficient for sensitizing for DTH, whereas the reverse was found for cytotoxic T-cell generation. Second, treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (Cy) had differential effects. Preinjection of a large dose (200 mg/kg) into mice 2 days before sensitization with virus resulted in an increase In the DTK response and a 90% reduction in cytotoxic T-cell activity in the spleens of the treated mice. The Cy-injected mice had reduced (70%) anti-haemagglutinin levels compared with the controls. This may be the explanation for the enhanced DTH response, since transfer of specific antibody to sensitized mice before injection of the eliciting virus substantially reduced the DTH response. Pretreatment with Cy did not affect the generation of DTH effector cells, since spleen cells from these and control mice had similar levels of activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00049.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Specific Antibody on the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and the Recovery of Mice from Influenza Virus Infection (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 10 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the effect of humoral antibody on the generation of specific cytotoxic T cells (Tc) in the spleen or lungs after intravenous injection or intranasal inoculation of infectious influenza virus. Antibody injected before or at the same time as virus inhibited completely the generation of Tc in the spleen. If injected 1 h after virus, the inhibition was reduced by 50% and little inhibition occurred if antibody was injected 6 h after virus. This suggested that antibody failed to influence Tc generation once infection of stimulating cells had occurred. Antibody injected intravenously 24 h after intranasal inoculalion of virus into normal mice did not affect the level of cytotoxic activity present in the lungs, and tracc amounts only (〉 1 log10 EID5–0) could be recovered from the lungs at 6 days. As there is a high litre (〉6 log10 EID5–0) of infectious virus in the lungs of mice 24 h after infection, this represents a very efficient control mechanism. The same protocol carried out with athymic mice gave only a partial clearance (e. 3 log10 EID50) of virus in the lungs. It was suggested that a major role of humoral antibody was to limit infection by the virus, and in this respect it complemented the action of Tc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb01358.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular Immune Responses in the Murine Lung to Local Immunization with Influenza A Virus Glycoproteins in Micelles and Immunostimulatory Complexes (Iscoms) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 27 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Primary immunization with a single inoculum of either micelles or iscoms containing influenza A virus glycoproteins failed to induce either B or cytotoxic T (Tc) cell responses. In contrast, immunization with two inocula of iscoms, but not micelles, resulted in the appearance of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) but not Tc cells in the lung. There was a 10-fold increase in Tc cell precursor frequency and an increase in ASC generated by secondary in vitro stimulation of lung cell cultures obtained from mice primed with iscoms but not micelles. In mice primed with infectious virus, secondary immunization with either micelles or iscoms increased the number of ASC in the lung and elicited virus-specific Tc cell responses. In contrast homologous virus challenge failed to induce detectable secondary B or Tc cell responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02397.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Roles of Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin and Nueleoprotein in Protection: Analysis Using Vaccinia Virus Recombinants (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 25 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing haemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) from influenza virus A/PR/8/4 were used to investigate protective immunity in mice, with two protocols. Protection was assessed by mortality and morbidity rates and by lung virus titres after infection intranasally with A/PR/8/34. In the first protocol, mice immunized with vaccinia-HA recombinaant virus and infected intranasally with A/PR/8/34 were almost totally protected, but mice immunized with vaccinia-NP virus were very poorly protected. In the second protocol, the recombinant viruses were used to stimulate in vitro T cells that are specific for HA and NP; both populations of T cells, when transferred to A/PR/8/34-infected mice, afforded good protection. The results indicate that an immune response specific for just HA provided protection that was almsot indistinguishable from that provided by whole A/PR/8/34. On the other hand, immunization with vaccinia-NP provided poor protective immunity, despite the fact that transferred NP-specific T cells were very effective and vaccinia-NP immunization has previously been shown to stimulate cytotoxic T cells. These results demonstrate that a single viral antigen, delivered by live vaccinia virus, can provide effective protection, but that immunization for cross-protection against heterologous influenza virus remains elusive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1987.tb01042.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two T-Cell Populations Mediate Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Murine Influenza Virus Infection (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 12 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two classes of T lymphocytes can mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to influenza virus in the mouse. If non-infectious virus preparations are used to sensitize for or to elicit a DTH response, the effector cells are found to be Ly-1-positive and are I-region-restricted. If infectious virus is used both to sensitize for and to elicit the reaction, a second set of effector cells is also detected, which are Ly-2,3-positive and are D- or K, D-region-restricted. The latter cells are cross-reactive within the A strains of influenza viruses, and pretreatment of the mice with high doses of cyclophosphamide markedly decreases their generation in the spleens of sensitized mice, suggesting that the cells that demonstrate DTH activity in vivo may also have cytotoxic activity in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00094.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influenza Virus-Specific T Cells Fail to Reduce Lung Virus Titres in Cyclosporin-Treated, Infected Mice (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 22 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited the function(s) of transferred influenza-specific K.D-restricted cytotoxic T cells, which led to clearance of virus in the lungs of influenza virus-infected mice. CsA had no effect on the migration of the transferred cells to the lungs. The pattern of migration and the number of cells recovered from the lungs were similar when cells were transferred into normal, untreated, infected or CsA-treated. infected mice. CsA had no effect on the in vitro expression of cytotoxic activity by the K.D-rcstricted cytotoxic T cells. These findings strongly suggest that the in vivo clearance of influenza virus by K.D-restricted cytotoxic T cells involves a lymphokine mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01864.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vivo Collaboration between Precursor T Cells and Helper T Cells in the Development of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction to Influenza Virus in Mice (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 16 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nude, athymic mice do not mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to influenza A virus. A single injection of T helper cells (γ-irradiated, 2-day immune spleen cells) or three injections over 3 days of a concanavalin-A-activated spleen cell supernatant to virus-sensitized nude mide resulted in a ‘normal’ DTH response when the mice were challenged with the virus. It was previously shown that the cells responsible for the reaction were T cells and required I-region compatibility. Injection of T helper cells into normal mice did not affect the level of the subsequent DTH response. However, injection of such cells into mice pretreated with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) restored the ability of the mice to mount a DTH response. The results show that (1) nude mice contain precursor T cells for influenza virus antigen; (2) an I region-restricted response can be generated in the absence of a thymus; and (3) in vivo collaboration between DTH T-cell precursors and helper T cells can be shown to occur in congenitally nude mice and ATS-treated mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00721.x
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