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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent x-ray backlight source development at KMS : Eighth topical conference on high—temperature plasma diagnostics (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 2762-2764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The development of intense x-ray sources and sensitive gated detectors is needed for the diagnosis of ICF implosions. A laser plasma x-ray source, with an instantaneous power of 200–500 MW in the range 2.7–3 keV, was used to evaluate a specific detector configuration. The detector, consisting of a PET crystal and a MCP framing camera, was used to obtain radiographs of NaCl-doped targets. Applications are currently signal limited, indicating the need for brighter x-ray sources and/or more sensitive detection systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141823
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    E parallel B canted detector neutral-particle spectrometer (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 2101-2110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A multichannel, mass-discriminating, neutral-particle spectrometer using parallel E and B analyzer fields has been operational on the Doublet III tokamak. The device records 60 energy channels each of hydrogen and deuterium, simultaneously, during a shot with a dynamic range in energy of greater than 20. Its unique feature is a microchannel plate detector plane set at an angle to the exit face of the magnet. This angled detector plane linearizes the columns of each mass which simplifies the detector design, and permits the magnet gap to be very small. The narrow gap minimizes figure field effects on particle trajectories and simplifies power supply and cooling design. Details are given on the design, calibration, and instrumentation of the device, as well as on its operation and experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138428
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UV to soft-x-ray surveys using a compact, biplanar diode array (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1843-1845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Biplanar vacuum diodes, long used for the diagnostics of laser-produced plasmas, have also been used as spectroscopic survey instruments for magnetically confined plasmas. The compact seven-channel diode array, developed at KMS Fusion, provides broadband (ΔE/E(approximately-equal-to)1) channels of filtered cathodes to provide the spectral scan from 10 eV to about 5 keV (approximately 130 to 0.25 nm). Preliminary calibration results and calculations for a number of filters and cathodes are used to demonstrate that a satisfactory energy region may be obtained if an absorption edge of the cathode is below the mean energy of the desired channel and an absorption edge of the filter is above that energy. These devices are insensitive to neutron and gamma flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140077
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vacuum ultraviolet and ultrasoft x-ray diode detectors for tokamak plasmas (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 883-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ultrasoft x-ray diode (USXRD) arrays have been used on DIII-D and ASDEX to study plasma edge radiation, in the photon energy range from 10 eV to 10 keV. The detectors are extremely useful and versatile due to their simplicity and compactness. Furthermore, absolute quantum efficiencies (QE) of many photocathodes such as vitreous C, Al, Cu, CuI, CsI, and Au have been measured in recent years. With filter technique, broadband resolution, E/ΔE∼1, is possible. Quantum-efficiency comparison of USXRD with semiconductor XRD is also presented to better understand the regions of applicability for each detector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139798
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved performance for large area triple layer microchannel-plate detector for a neutral particle spectrometer in Doublet III (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1108-1110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 2 × 30-cm three-layer, microchannel-plate (MCP) assembly has been constructed with 120 anodes to collect electrons. It has a gain of up to 5 × 108 in the pulse counting mode. The device displays an unexpectedly high per-anode count rate. The original device had major problems: 5 × gain variation along its length and 150% FWHM/gain ratio. It is shown through a model distribution function that both effects can be due to the space charge limiting of pulses that cross the interstage gaps. One detector was rebuilt with greatly reduced interstage gaps and now displays 60% FWHM/gain and a 30% gain variation. This has significantly improved the pulse counting capability of the spectrometer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138239
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-area, triple-layer, microchannel-plate arrays (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1179-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The characteristics of operating an extended-area, triple-layer microchannel-plate assembly are described in detail. The assembly has an anode array to produce 120 channels of information. When run in the pulse-counting mode, gains of up to 5×108 are obtained with very low levels of dark current. A number of special features and problems have been observed during operation. These include unexpectedly high count rates for each channel and severe gain variation along the length of the plate. A model distribution function for a pulse is derived and it is shown that this gain variation is due to space-charge effects that occur in the interstage gaps. This effect, although previously discounted, can consistently explain the data presented here and earlier by other authors. One assembly was rebuilt and now exhibits much greater uniformity in gain. Its pulse-height spectrum also has the unusually small, full-width at half-maximum: gain ratio of typically 50%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138026
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutral flux measurements during neutral-beam injection on Doublet III (abstract) (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 56 (1985), S. 1127-1127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Neutral particle flux parallel and perpendicular to the plasma current and at energies equal to and below the injection energy has been observed with the parallel and perpendicular charge exchange spectrometers on Doublet III. Initial neutral injection is marked by a rapid increase in the high-energy neutral efflux which usually relaxes over tens of milliseconds to a lower equilibrium value. As injected power is increased by the stepped addition of more neutral beams, the measured flux is not linearly additive, often increasing slightly or not at all. For very high values of injected power, in the 5–7-MW range, the neutral particle flux is often observed in bursts correlated with the rapid fall of giant sawteeth on soft x-ray signals. In many of these shots the fishbone instability is present and is observed with the perpendicular spectrometer, however the parallel flux does not correlate with fluctuations observed with magnetic probes unless the instability terminates rapidly, in which case both a soft x-ray drop and a burst of neutrals occurs. Some aspects of these measurements have been modeled by a particle transport code with particular emphasis on changes in the neutral density profile during high-power neutral injection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138192
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hard x-ray continuum crystal spectrograph for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) diagnostics (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 2709-2718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe absolutely calibrated instrumentation for measuring hard x-ray continuum produced during laser irradiation of ICF targets. The instrumentation includes a crystal spectrograph and two collimated filtered scintillators. The absolutely calibrated crystal spectrograph achieves high sensitivity to x-ray continuum over the energy range of 5 to 35 keV with continuous energy coverage and a resolving power E/ΔE between 20 and 100. Time integrated spectra are recorded and stored electronically on a shot basis using two dimensional charge coupled device (CCD) camera readout of a proximity focused MCP detector close coupled to the x-ray diffracting crystals. The filtered scintillators provide discrete, time-resolved, high energy channels for recording integrated continuum in the 40–60 and 60–90 keV bands. End-to-end calibration of the crystal spectrograph was performed over the design energy interval. We discuss instrument design, calibration, and alignment and the factors affecting sensitivity and resolving power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration of bremsstrahlung prefogged Kodak RAR 2492 film : Eight topical conference on high-temperature plasma diagnostics (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 2768-2770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: High-energy background radiation from PBFA II at Sandia National Laboratory introduces uncertainty regarding the effect of background fogging on the sensitivity of the x-ray film at soft x-ray energies. We have performed a calibration to determine how the sensitivity of the Kodak RAR 2492 film is affected by high-energy background radiation. To simulate the background radiation the film was fogged to various densities using a 10 keV bremsstrahlung spectrum. The film was then exposed to soft x-ray emission lines of Al Kα and Ti Kα selected by Bragg reflection from an electron bombardment source. The intensity of the x-ray flux was continuously monitored with a Si(Li) detector to eliminate error due to drift of the x-ray source's intensity. A microdensitometer with matched objectives was used to find the specular density of the exposed film. The results of the calibration are presented in the form of D vs log l for the various densities of the bremmstrahlung prefog exposures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141825
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of two-gated microchannel plate framing cameras (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 2862-2870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The overall performance of both a single- and a double-microchannel plate framing camera were measured. In the case of the double-plated device, only the front plate was gated. A short-pulse, 20-ps full width half-maximum (FWHM), uv laser was used to create photoelectrons on a time scale rapid compared to the temporal variation of the high-voltage gate pulse (965 V peak amplitude and 270 ps FWHM). Measurements were made of the variation in the light output pulse amplitude (8%–24%), width (85–115 ps), and peak location (±22 ps), the latter corresponding to a temporal jitter. It was found that when a dc bias was applied to the plate (in addition to the high-voltage pulse) the output signal increased as the dc bias to the 13 and 5.2 powers, below and above a bias of 450 V, respectively, and a factor of 20 difference in signal between the single- and double-plate cameras. It was also determined that the rejection ratio drops from 500 to 1300 at a bias value of 450 V to 125–190 at 650 V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142173
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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