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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF AMBIENT pH REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI AND YEASTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 58 (2004), S. 425-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All microorganisms must adapt to the pH of their environment. One aspect of this adaptation, particularly important for organisms that grow over a wide pH range, is the ability to express appropriately genes whose roles ultimately involve functions at the cell surface or in the environment. Genes encoding permeases, secreted enzymes, enzymes involved in synthesis of exported metabolites such as toxins and antibiotics, and probably enzymes modifying secreted proteins posttranslationally all fall into this category. Here we discuss the most recent findings on the transcriptional regulatory system in fungi that enables such genes to be expressed only when the ambient pH is conducive to their ultimate functions. The intriguing issue of how pH is sensed and how the resulting signal is transmitted to the transcription factor involves at least one late endosome component. Proper functioning of the regulatory system responding to ambient pH is essential for fungal pathogenicity of both animals and plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123715
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The multiply-regulated gabA gene encoding the GABA permease of Aspergillus nidulans: a score of exons (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 32 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe the cloning, sequence and expression of gabA, encoding the γ-amino-n-butyrate (GABA) permease of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Sequence changes were determined for three up-promoter (gabI ) and six gabA loss-of-function mutations. The predicted protein contains 517 residues and shows 30.3% overall identity with a putative GABA permease of Arabidopsis thaliana, 29.6% identity with the yeast choline transporter and 23.4% identity with the yeast UGA4 GABA permease. Structural predictions favour 11–12 transmembrane domains. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA sequences shows the presence of 19 introns, an unusually large number of introns for, we believe, any fungal gene. In agreement with the wealth of genetic data available, transcript level analyses demonstrate that gabA is subject to carbon catabolite and nitrogen metabolite repression, ω-amino acid induction and regulation in response to ambient pH (being acid-expressed). In agreement with this, we report consensus binding sites 5′ to the coding region, six each for CreA and AREA and one for PacC, the transcription factors mediating carbon catabolite and nitrogen metabolite repression and response to ambient pH respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01371.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Putative membrane components of signal transduction pathways for ambient pH regulation in Aspergillus and meiosis in Saccharomyces are homologous (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 30 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The zinc finger regions of the Aspergillus nidulans PacC transcription factor, mediating regulation of gene expression by ambient pH, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim1p transcription factor, mediating control of meiosis and invasiveness, are homologous and both transcription factors undergo proteolytic processing of the C-terminus for conversion to the functional form. In both cases, functioning of a signal transduction pathway involving several gene products is a necessary prerequisite for processing. We now show that the Aspergillus PalI pH signal transduction component is homologous to the Saccharomyces Rim9p meiotic signal transduction component throughout a region containing four hydrophobic, putative membrane-spanning segments. This suggests that PalI might be a membrane sensor for ambient pH. Deletion of the palI gene established that the less extreme phenotype of palI mutations compared with mutations in the other five genes of the pH signalling pathway is a general feature of palI mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01058.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambient pH signal transduction in Aspergillus: completion of gene characterization (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 33 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Completing the molecular analysis of the six pal genes of the ambient pH signal transduction pathway in Aspergillus nidulans, we report the characterization of palC and palH. The derived translation product of palH contains 760 amino acids with prediction of seven transmembrane domains in its N-terminal moiety. Remarkably, a palH frameshift mutant lacking just over half the PalH protein, including almost all of the long hydrophilic region C-terminal to the transmembrane domains, retains some PalH function. The palC-derived translation product contains 507 amino acids, and the null phenotype of a frameshift mutation indicates that at least one of the C-terminal 142 residues is essential for function. Uniquely among the A. nidulans pH-signalling pal genes, palC appears to have no Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue, although it does have a Neurospora crassa expressed sequence tag homologue. In agreement with findings for the palA, palB and palI genes of this signalling pathway, levels of the palC and palH mRNAs do not appear to be pH regulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01540.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translational initiation competence, ‘leaky scanning’ and translational reinitiation in areA mRNA of Aspergillus nidulans (1996)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1) AUG codons that either permit or prevent ‘leaky scanning’ of mRNA encoding AREA, the transcriptional activator mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans, have been identified. The consensus context for a strong initiation codon (i.e. one preventing ‘leaky scanning’) derived from this work is GXX AUG C/UCX. However, AUG codons which do not conform to this consensus are nevertheless able to initiate translation. (2) Translational reinitiation can occur within areA mRNA, although there is a limitation determined by the distance between the chain termination and reinitiation codons and/or the strength of the reinitiation codon. (3) The minimum size of the region of areA mRNA that is competent for initiation of translation has been determined to be 329 nucleotides (nt), and might be at least 975 nt if a 709 bp deletion does not alter it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.470976.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification, cloning and analysis of the Aspergillus niger gene pacC, a wide domain regulatory gene responsive to ambient pH (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 250 (1996), S. 367-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Aspergillus niger ; pacC ; pH regulation ; Zinc fingers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A wide domain regulatory gene implicated in modulating gene expression in response to ambient pH has been cloned and sequenced from the industrially useful filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. This gene, pacC, is able to restore a pacC + phenotype to A. nidulans pacC c 11 and pacC c 14 mutants with respect to extent of conidiation, conidial pigment intensity and acid phosphatase regulation. The pacC gene of A. niger comprises three exons, encodes a three-zinc-finger protein of 677 amino acids, and shows pH-dependent regulation of expression: mRNA levels are elevated under alkaline conditions and considerably reduced under acidic conditions. The occurrence of PacC consensus binding targets within the sequences upstream of pacC may indicate autoregulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02174395
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