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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction and modification of SP10 phage by BsuM of Bacillus subtilis Marburg (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 244 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bacillus subtilis Marburg has only one intrinsic restriction and modification system BsuM that recognizes the CTCGAG (XhoI site) sequence. It consists of two operons, BsuMM operon for two cytosine DNA methyltransferases, and BsuMR operon for a restriction nuclease and two associated proteins of unknown function. In this communication, we analyzed the BsuM system by utilizing phage SP10 that possesses more than twenty BsuM target sequences on the phage genome. SP10 phages grown in the restriction and modification-deficient strain could not make plaques on the restriction-proficient BsuMR+ indicator strain. An enforced expression of the wild type BsuMM operon in the BsuMR+ indicator strain, however, allowed more than thousand times more plaques. DNA extracted from SP10 phages, thus, propagated became more but not completely refractory to XhoI digestion in vitro. Thus, the SP10 phage genome DNA is able to be nearly full-methylated but some BsuM sites are considered to be unmethylated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.006
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered gene expression in the transition phase by disruption of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene (shaA) in Bacillus subtilis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 232 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The shaA gene (sodium-hydrogen antiporter gene A, identical to mrpA) is largely responsible for Na+ extrusion in Bacillus subtilis. The disruption of shaA combined with a low concentration of NaCl completely abolishes sporulation but allows normal growth. To investigate the role of shaA and shaA-mediated sodium ion homeostasis in sporulation, we performed a comprehensive study of expression profiles of eight alternative sigma factors, σB and the seven extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (σM, σV, σW, σX, σY, σZ, and σYlaC) in an attempt to determine the global change of gene expression that results from a disturbance of Na+ homeostasis caused by shaA disruption. Induction of σB activity in the transition phase was impaired in the shaA mutant, and this effect was enhanced in the presence of 30 mM NaCl. Salt stress activation of σB occurred normally in the shaA mutant. σM-, σW-, σX-dependent transcription and sigZ transcription was also induced in the transition phase of the wild-type, which was modulated by shaA disruption. The induction of σM-dependent transcription was enhanced in the shaA mutant, while that of σX-dependent transcription and sigZ transcription was decreased. σW-dependent transcription was increased throughout the growth phase of the shaA mutant, which was consistent with the result of proteome analysis. We conclude that shaA disruption resulted in the modulated induction of alternative sigma factor activities, which would be problematic for the cell upon entering the sporulation stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00037-0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA microarray analysis of Bacillus subtilis sigma factors of extracytoplasmic function family (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 220 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Target gene candidates of the seven extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors of Bacillus subtilis have been surveyed using DNA microarray analysis of mRNA extracted from cells grown in Luria–Bertani broth, in which an ECF sigma factor gene was placed under the control of the spac promoter on multicopy plasmid pDG148 and overexpressed. The number of target candidates for each of the sigma factors varied greatly, and a total of 278 genes were selected. Interestingly, the above target gene candidates shared only one gene out of 94 target genes of the general stress sigma B that have been reported in the literature thus far. Furthermore, lacZ-fusion experiments based on the results of DNA microarray analysis indicated that each ECF sigma factor directs transcription of its own operon, with the exception of sigZ. The DNA microarray data collected in this study are available at the KEGG Expression Database web site ().
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00093-4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The yabG gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a sporulation specific protease which is involved in the processing of several spore coat proteins (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 192 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The synthesis and proteolysis of the spore coat proteins, SpoIVA and YrbA, of Bacillus subtilis were analyzed using antisera. Almost no intact full-length proteins of either type were extracted from wild-type spores, while yabG mutant spores contained intact SpoIVA and YrbA proteins. We purified recombinant YrbA and YabG proteins from Escherichia coli transformants and found that YrbA was cleaved to the smaller moiety in the presence of YabG in vitro. These observations indicate that YabG is a protease involved in the proteolysis and maturation of SpoIVA and YrbA proteins, conserved with the cortex and/or coat assembly by B. subtilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09355.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of temperature-sensitive sporulation mutation in the Bacillus subtilis sigA gene by rpoB mutation (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 192 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We isolated a temperature-sensitive sporulation defective mutant of the sigA gene, encoding a major sigma factor, σA protein, in Bacillus subtilis, and designated it as sigA21. The sigA21 mutation caused a single-amino acid substitution, E314K, in region 4 of the σA protein. In this mutant, expression of the spoIIG gene, whose transcription depends on both σA and the phosphorylated Spo0A protein, Spo0A∼P, a major transcription factor during early stages of sporulation, was greatly reduced at 43°C. To obtain further information on the mechanism of σA function during the early spore development, we isolated a spontaneous sporulation-proficient suppressor mutant at 43°C. This extragenic suppressor mutation was mapped within the rpoB gene, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase, and was found to have a single-amino acid substitution, A863G. In this mutant, the expression of the spoIIG is partially restored at 43°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09388.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of SecA–SecY interaction required for spore development in Bacillus subtilis (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 184 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All spontaneous suppressor mutations obtained from a secA12 sporulation-defective mutant in Bacillus subtilis were localized in highly conserved membrane-spanning regions of SecY. The expression of early sporulation genes, kinA and spo0A encoding a histidine kinase and a transcription regulator for several sporulation genes, respectively, was restored in these suppressor mutants. These results indicate that the secretion function of translocase combined with Sec proteins is required for sporulation in B. subtilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09028.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ClpC regulates the fate of a sporulation initiation sigma factor, σH protein, in Bacillus subtilis at elevated temperatures (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using a strain carrying a clpC–bgaB transcriptional fusion at the amyE locus, we found that the expression of a clpC operon was induced at the end of exponential growth in a σB-independent manner and ceased around T3.5 in the wild type but not in a spo0H mutant. This suggests that some gene product(s) whose expression is dependent on σH function is required for the turn-off of clpC transcription during an early stage of sporulation. A clpC deletion mutant showed a temperature-sensitive sporulation phenotype and exhibited an abnormally large accumulation of σH in the cell at 45°C after T2, at which time the σH level in the wild type had begun to decrease. These results, together with the fact that spo0H transcription in the clpC deletion mutant was similar to that of the wild type, suggested that ClpC may be responsible for the degradation of σH after the accomplishment of its role in sporulation. Moreover, as expected from these results, overproduction of Spo0A was also observed after the initiation of sporulation in the clpC deletion mutant at 45°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00943.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Bacillus subtilis gene-encoding protein homologous to eukaryotic SMC motor protein is necessary for chromosome partition (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have analysed the function of a gene of Bacillus subtilis, the product of which shows significant homology with eukaryotic SMC proteins essential for chromosome condensation and segregation. Two mutant strains were constructed; in one, the expression was under the control of the inducible spac promoter (conditional null) and, in the other, the gene was disrupted by insertion (disrupted null). Both could form colonies at 23°C but not at 37°C in the absence of the expression of the Smc protein, indicating that the B. subtilis smc gene was essential for cell growth at higher temperatures. Microscopic examination revealed the formation of anucleate and elongated cells and diffusion of nucleoids within the elongated cells in the disrupted null mutant grown at 23°C and in the conditional null mutant grown in low concentrations of IPTG at 37°C. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that subcellular localization of the Spo0J partition protein was irregular in the smc disrupted null mutant, compared with bipolar localization in wild-type cells. These results indicate that the B. subtilis smc gene is essential for chromosome partition. The role of B. subtilis Smc protein in chromosome partition is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00919.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding of response regulator DegU to the aprE promoter is inhibited by RapG, which is counteracted by extracellular PhrG in Bacillus subtilis (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 49 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We screened the putative rap-phr (response regulator aspartyl-phosphate phosphatase-phosphatase regulator) systems identified in the Bacillus subtilis genome for a rap gene that affects aprE (alkaline protease gene) expression by using a multicopy plasmid. We found that rapG was involved in the regulation of aprE, which belongs to the regulon of DegU, the response regulator of the DegS-DegU two-component system. Disruption of rapG and phrG resulted in enhancement and reduction of aprE-lacZ expression, respectively, suggesting that PhrG inhibits RapG activity. Addition of 1–30 nM of a synthetic pentapeptide (PhrG; NH2-EKMIG-COOH) to the phrG disruptant completely rescued aprE-lacZ expression, indicating that the PhrG peptide is indeed involved in aprE-lacZ expression. Surprisingly, either introduction of multicopy phrG or addition of the PhrG peptide at high concentrations (100–300 nM) to the phrG cells decreased aprE-lacZ expression. These results are reminiscent of the previous observation that at higher concentrations the PhrC peptide inhibits srfA-lacZ expression directed by ComA, the regulator of the ComP-ComA two-component system. Because the Rap proteins belong to a family of aspartyl protein phosphatases, we tried to investigate the possible influence of RapG on dephosphorylation of DegU-P (phosphorylated DegU) in vitro. RapG, however, did not affect dephosphorylation of DegU-P under the adopted experimental conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that RapG might inhibit the binding activity of DegU to the target promoters. We analysed the interaction of DegU and RapG using the aprE promoter and another target, a comK promoter. Gel shift analysis revealed that RapG served as the inhibitor of DegU binding to the promoter regions of aprE and comK and that this inhibition was counteracted by the PhrG peptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03665.x
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