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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Mechanical prosthetic valves — regurgitation — continuous wave Doppler — Bernoulli equation ; Schlüsselwörter Mechanische Herzklappen — kontinuierliche Dopplerechokardiographie — Bernoulli-Gleichung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A systematic evaluation of the accuracy of continuous wave echo Doppler measurements across prosthetic valve leakages and regurgitant lesions has not been performed. Continuous echo Doppler velocity measurements in an in vitro, steady flow model, across the leaks of 12 intact mechanical prostheses and across six circular nozzles (area, 0.5–20 mm2) at pressure drops between 30 and 105 mm Hg were analyzed and compared to the velocities predicted by the modified Bernoulli equation. Laser Doppler anemometry of flow velocites through the nozzles was performed in addition. Despite excellent correlation, there was substantial overestimation of "Bernoulli predicted"-velocities by echo Doppler in the prosthetic leaks (mean +12.3 ± 9.4%; range, 90.3–143.4%). Also in nozzles ≤ 10 mm2, but not in those ≥ 20 mm2, an overestimation of the "Bernoulli predicted"-velocities was observed (mean +6.2 ± 2%). Laser Doppler anemometry of flow velocities through the nozzles showed slightly lower values than predicted by the Bernoulli equation. This effect apparently is due to transit time effects leading to spectral broadening and should be taken into account when using echo Doppler measurements in very small (〈 10 mm2) orifices, such as mild to moderate regurgitant lesions and prosthetic valve leakage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bezüglich der Zuverlässigkeit der dopplerechokardiographischen Messungen von Geschwindigkeiten an Insuffizienz-Jets bei intakten mechanischen Herzklappenprothesen und an sehr kleinen Düsen (〈 10 mm2) liegen keine systematischen Untersuchungen vor. In einem stationär durchströmten In-vitro-Modell wurde die Genauigkeit der mittels kontinuierlicher Dopplerechokardiographie bestimmten retrograden Geschwindigkeiten an zwölf intakten mechanischen Herzklappenprothesen und sechs kleinen kreisrunden Düsen (0,5–20 mm2) bei verschiedenen Druckdifferenzen (30–105 mm Hg) im Vergleich mit der nach der Bernoulli-Gleichung zu erwartenden Geschwindigkeit überprüft. Mittels Laser-Doppleranemometrie wurden außerdem vergleichend die Geschwindigkeiten an den Düsen gemessen. An den Lecks der Herzklappen fand sich, bei hoher Korrelation, im Mittel eine erhebliche Überschätzung der nach Bernoulli zu erwartenden Geschwindigkeiten (im Mittel +12,3 ± 9,4%; Spannbreite 90,3 bis 143,4%). Eine Überschätzung von im Mittel +6,2 ± 2% fand sich bei den Düsen ≤ 10 mm2, nicht jedoch bei Düsendurchmessern ≥ 20 mm2. Bei den Messungen mittels Laser-Doppleranemometrie an den Düsen fanden sich etwas niedrigere Werte, als nach Bernoulli zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Dieses Phänomen ist zumindest zum Teil durch den sogenannten Transit-time-Effekt erklärbar und sollte bei der Verwendung des Dopplersignals von Strömungen durch sehr kleine Öffnungen, wie z.B. Insuffizienz-Jets, berücksichtigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 20 (1982), S. 383-389 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Antimony-electrode ; Gastro-oesophageal reflux ; In vivo pH determination ; Monocrystalline antimony ; Oesophageal manometry ; Oesophagus ; pH-electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monocrystalline antimony electrodes have been shown to be suitable for thein vivo determination of pH in blood, tissue and in the upper gastro-intestinal canal. Thanks to their small dimensions it has been possible to mount them into conventional manometry catheters for oesophageal investigation. The monocrystalline antimony pH electrode has several advantages over the conventional pH glass electrode; better accuracy, shorter rise time, smaller dimensions. The monocrystalline antimony electrode has been used for long-term registration of gastro-oesophageal reflux, for the oesophageal acid clearing test and for identification of the pH gradient zone between the gastric and oesophageal mucosa. Its use in combination with pressure sensors has added a new dimension to the diagnosis of functional disorders in the gastro-oesophageal region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 602-608 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Ion selective electrodes ; Long-term recording ; Monocrystalline antimony ; Oesophagus ; pH-electrodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 24 h pH monitoring, the evaluation is dependent on the absolute accuracy of the pH measurements. Several sources of error exist, such as the chemical composition of calibration buffers and reference electrode gel and the effect of temperature on both the pH and the reference electrodes. We investigated the magnitude of these errors for the monocrystalline antimony electrode. Similar analysis applies to other types of pH electrodes. The errors we found are important when choosing a calibration procedure. We recommend a calibration procedure in which the pH and reference electrodes are both put in a beaker with the calibration buffers prior to and after the 24 h measurements. The calibration buffers and the electrode gel should have a specially selected ion composition where, for example, the Cl-ion concentration is critical. Corrections for differences in temperature between the calibration and the in situ measurements must be added. The pH measurements can be checked by performing in situ calibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 643-646 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Fluid flow ; Fluid velocity ; Heart valve regurgitation ; Ultrasound Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 29 (1991), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Aortic coarctation ; Flow ; Model experiment ; Pressure drop ; Quantification ; Theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aortic coarctation is a local constriction of the aorta that may severely affect haemodynamics. It is therefore important to quantify these effects. Using Bernoulli's equation and the momentum theorem, the pressure drop is described including the pressure recovery distal to the coarctation and the effects of collateral flow; both laminar and turbulent. Assuming the coarctation and collaterals to be stiff, a quadratic relationship between flow and pressure drop is expected for flow through the coarctation and for turbulent collateral flow. For laminar collateral flow, a linear relationship is expected. The coarctation flow was studied in a model consisting of a rigid tube with local constriction, connected to a flooded-level tank, containing a 36 per cent by weight solution of sucrose, with a viscosity equivalent to that of blood at body temperature. The pressure drop across the constriction showed a quadratic relationship to flow in agreement with theoretical expectations. Pressure recovery in this model was very slight (0–4 mm Hg). Nine patients with aortic coarctation were catheterised. Cardiac output and pressure drop across the coarctation were measured at rest and during supine cycle exercise at two different workloads. The relationship between mean pressure drop and cardiac output tended to be either ‘parabolic’ or, in some cases, approximately linear, suggesting that the flow situation in aortic coarctation can be quantified by expressions that either linearly or quadratically relate pressure and flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 501-503 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Abdominal compression ; Feedback control systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 443-446 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Antimony-electrode ; Gastro-oesophageal reflux ; Monocrystalline antimony ; Oesophageal manometry ; Oesophagus ; Perfused catheters ; pH-electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combined pH- and pressure-measurement device for oesophageal investigations has been designed using monocrystalline antimony pH electrodes and perfused polyvinyl catheters. The combined device facilitates pressure measurements simultaneously with pH recording, both distal and proximal to the pH electrode. The device is easier to pass through the nose to the oesophagus than the conventional glass pH electrode. pH and pressure measurements in the oesophagus are therefore simplified and valuable information about the function of the region of the lower oesophageal sphincter is added owing to the simultaneous recording of the two parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 22 (1984), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Electrodes ; Electromyography ; Gastrointestina tract ; Intraluminal ; Oesophagus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 27 (1989), S. 314-321 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Computer analysis ; Obstruction ; Pressure/area relationship ; Pressure/flow data ; Pressure/flow study ; Urethral elasticity ; Urodynamic investigations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When urethral flow is treated as a lossless flow through an elastic tube, the relationship between the detrusor pressure and the urinary flow can be related to the elasticity of the flow-controlling zone of the urethra. A recent analytical method of describing urethral elasticity is implemented on a computer. The function p(Q)=pmo+LmQm is fitted to the recorded pressure/flow data. p(Q) is the detrusor pressure, Q the flow and pmo, m and Lm parameters. The elastic properties are then obtained as p(A)=pmo+KnAn, where p(A) is the static pressure, A the cross-sectional area of the flow-controlling zone and n and Kn calculated parameters. The urodynamic methods used and the computer implementation of the analytical method are described. In obstructed and unobstructed men without neurological symptoms, the elastic properties could be estimated in 94 per cent of the micturitions. The method makes it possible to describe urethral flow properties with Griffiths' model in a standardised way and compare results obtained by different investigators. It is recommended for quantification of urethral obstruction in research and for assessment of borderline cases of obstruction in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 732-738 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Frequency characteristics ; Low-compliance perfusion pumps ; Oesophageal manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Une pompe à perfusion à faible compliance a été construite pour augmenter la bande passante du système de mesure de perfusion en manométrie oesophagienne. Cette pompe donne un débit constant à une haute impédance mécanique en forçant le fluide de perfusion à travers un capillaire en acier. Avec cette pompe à perfusion à faible compliance, on a pu obtenir une large bande passante pour les types de cathéter et débits de perfusion utilisés. Cette pompe améliore la précision de la manométrie oesophagienne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Perfusion spumpe von geringer Nachgiebigkeit gebaut, um die Bandbreite von Perfusionsmeßsystemen bei der Speiseröhrenmanometrie zu erhöhen. Diese Pumpe liefert bei hoher mechanischer Impedanz eine konstante Strömung, indem sie die Perfusionsflüssigkeit durch ein Stahlröhrchen forciert. Mit dieser Perfusionspumpe wurde für die untersuchten Kathetertypen und Perfusionsstrome eine groxe Bandbreite erzielt. Mit Hilfe dieser Pumpe laxt sich dei Genauigkeit der Speiseröhrenmanometrie verbessern.
    Notes: Abstract A low-compliance perfusion pump has been constructed to increase the bandwidth of perfused measurement systems in oesophageal manometry. This pump gives a constant flow at a high mechanical impedance by forcing the perfusion fluid through a steel capillary. With this low-compliance perfusion pump a wide bandwidth was obtained for the catheter types and perfusion flows investigated. The pump improves the accuracy of oesophageal manometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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