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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 3012-3014 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The gettering of copper by keV implantation of germanium into silicon is investigated. Germanium is implanted at a fixed energy with varying doses into the front side of silicon samples. Copper is thermally evaporated on the backside of the samples and then annealed at 900 °C for 1 h and 10 h, respectively, to allow in-diffusion of the transition metal. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy, and cross-section transmission electron microscopy are used to demonstrate that gettering of copper is achieved through stacking faults created by heavy dose germanium implantation and solid-phase epitaxy. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 3936-3943 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Kinetics and electrical properties of solid-phase epitaxial regrown (SPEG) layers of Sb-implanted strained Si1−xGex alloys are reported. Two sets of Si1−xGex epilayers with compositions of x=0.08 and 0.18, molecular beam epitaxy grown on Si(100) substrates, were implanted at room temperature with Sb+ ions at an energy of 200 and 100 keV, respectively, and doses of 1014 and 1015 ions/cm2. A set of Si(100) samples was also implanted as a reference. The samples were annealed at temperatures of 525, 550, and 575 °C for durations between 5 s and 10 min. For the higher-dose Sb-implanted Si0.92Ge0.08 layer (1015 cm−2) ion backscattering measurements in the channeling mode show a decrease in the regrowth rate compared to Sb-implanted Si(100). The activation energy of the SPEG process for the Si0.92Ge0.08 alloy was 2.9±0.2 eV, higher than the value of 2.4±0.2 eV obtained for pure Si. For the alloy with 18% Ge the SPEG rate for the 1015 cm−2 dose was much smaller compared to the sample with 8% Ge. For the lower-dose implantation (1014 cm−2) the regrowth rates for Si0.92Ge0.08 and pure Si were very close, and the activation energies were 2.8±0.2 and 2.7±0.2, respectively. It was also found that the SPEG rate in a rapid thermal annealing was significantly higher than that for a sample heated in a conventional furnace.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 2835-2841 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Wet oxidation annealing of thin films of amorphous Si0.67Ge0.25C0.08 was performed over the temperature range from 700 to 950 °C. Changes in composition and microstructure were assessed using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. A nearly pure layer of SiO2 with approximately 1 at. % carbon was formed, with Ge being rejected from the oxide at all temperatures. At low temperatures, the oxide formed was very thin. Ge piled up at the oxide/film interface and the thin film microstructure remained amorphous. At higher temperatures, a network of nanocrystals was observed which was believed to provide a grain boundary diffusion path for Ge which had redistributed throughout the remaining layer. It is proposed that the Ge layer had inhibited oxidation at the lower temperatures, whereas its removal resulted in increased oxidation rates at higher temperatures. Annealing at 950 °C for 5 and 6 h resulted in an epitaxial transformation and a single crystal structure. This process occurred as a result of the silicon being removed from the substrate by the oxide front which served as a sink. Germanium then diffused into the vacancies in the substrate forming a new epitaxial layer. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 2243-2245 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Solid phase epitaxial regrowth of Sb implanted strained Si1−xGex alloy layers is reported. A set of Si0.92Ge0.08 alloys, MBE grown on (100)Si substrates, were implanted at room temperature with Sb+ ions at an energy of 200 keV and a dose of 1015 ions/cm2. These alloys were annealed in a RTA system at temperatures of 525, 550, and 575 °C for durations between 30 s and 10 min. Backscattering (channeling) measurements show an increase in the regrowth rate compared to furnace annealed Sb implanted (100)Si. Hall effect measurements show an increase in the carrier concentration as the amorphous/crystalline interface propagates to the surface. The concentration reaches a maximal value which exceeds the maximum solid solubility of Sb in Si at the annealing temperature by a factor of six. There is a reverse annealing tendency for longer annealing times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 2244-2246 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The oxidation of amorphous Si0.65Ge0.27C0.08 and single-crystal Si0.63Ge0.36C0.01 in wet ambient at 700 and 900 °C has been studied using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. A reference sample of Si0.63Ge0.37 was also oxidized in order to determine the influence of carbon on the oxidation behavior. The low C content alloy behaved similar to the SiGe alloy: uniform Si1-xGexO2 was obtained at 700 °C whereas SiO2 was formed at 900 °C, and Ge piled up underneath the oxide. In both cases, carbon was not detected in the oxide layer. The amorphous Si0.65Ge0.27C0.08 alloy behaved significantly different at both oxidation temperatures in comparison with the crystalline Si0.63Ge0.36C0.01 and Si0.65Ge0.37. Negligible oxidation occurred at 700 °C whereas SiO2 was obtained at 900 °C and the rejected Ge distributed uniformly throughout the SiGeC alloy. It is proposed that fast Ge diffusion during oxidation at 900 °C resulted from diffusion at grain boundaries, since crystallization of the amorphous SiGeC layer occurred in conjunction with oxidation, leading to nucleation of nanocrystals (∼5 nm diam). The oxidation/annealing treatment has thus provided a useful mechanism for increasing the relative Ge concentration in the SiGeC alloy. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2559-2561 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Thin heteroepitaxial films of Si1−x−yGexCy have been grown on (100)Si substrates using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition at 625 °C. The crystallinity, composition, and microstructure of the SiGeC films were characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary-ion-mass spectrometry, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The crystallinity of the films was very sensitive to the flow rate of C2H4 which served as the C source. Films with up to 2% C were epitaxial with good crystallinity and very few interfacial defects. Between 800 and 900 sccm of 10% C2H4 in He, the C content increased dramatically from 2% to 10% and the as-grown films changed from crystalline to amorphous. In order to establish deposition conditions for the crystalline-amorphous phase transformation, one SiGeC film was deposited as the 10% C2H4 flow was increased linearly from 500 to 1500 sccm during growth. When the C content reached ∼4%, the film developed considerable stacking defects and disorder, and at around 11% C, the film became amorphous. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 2902-2904 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Electrical properties of Sb implanted strained Si1−xGex alloy layers are reported. Two sets of Si1−xGex epilayers with compositions of x=0.08 and 0.18, MBE grown on (100)Si substrates, were implanted at room temperature with Sb+ ions at energies of 200 and 100 keV, respectively, and doses of 1013 and 1015 cm−2. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and spreading resistance profiling measurements show that Sb implantation, with a dose below the critical value for amorphization (1013 cm−2), formed a p-type region upon annealing at 500 °C. Only higher temperature anneals transformed the implanted layer into the expected n-type doping. Maximal values of electrical activity (45±10%) and mobility were obtained in this case only at temperatures around 800–900 °C. For the high dose implantation (1015 cm−2), it was found that the highest activation efficiency at the implantation profile peak was obtained at 500–600 °C, while at the end-of-range region the activation efficiency was very low.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 64-66 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: We report the first study of interfacial reactions of a metal with Si1−x−yGexCy epitaxially grown on Si. The Ti/Si1−x−yGexCy/Si (0〈y〈1.7%) contact system was studied after isochronal heat treatments from 500 to 800 °C. The results for Ti/Si1−xGex phase formation agree with recent published works. However, C incorporation in the epilayer causes a dramatic decrease in strain relaxation during the Ti reaction with the epilayer, a delay in the appearance of the C54 phase, a decreased Ge concentration in the silicide–germanide phases, and carbon accumulation (probably in the form of TiC) at the silicide–germanide/epilayer interface. Also, at high annealing temperatures, a roughing of the silicide–germanide/epilayer interface was detected for the C-containing samples. A possible explanation for the reduced strain relaxation is based on mobility of dislocations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Pure Si(100) and Si1−xGex (x〈0.20) layers, epitaxially grown on Si(100) substrates, were implanted at room temperature with Sb+ ions at an energy of 100 keV and a dose of 1013 cm−2, which was found to be below the critical value for amorphization. Spreading resistance profiling and Hall-effect measurements show that a p-type region was formed in the Si1−xGex alloy layers upon annealing at 500 °C, in spite of the fact that the implanted ion (Sb) is a donor. Only higher-temperature anneals transformed the implanted layer into the expected n-type doping. A p-type region was also formed following Xe implantation, indicating that these results can be attributed to the radiation damage without dependence on the electronic structure of the ion. This phenomenon does not exist at all in pure Si. Rutherford backscattering (channeling) measurements show that the amount of defects formed in the Si1−xGex alloy layer during the implantation process increased with the Ge content, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. These results can explain the observation that the level of the p-type doping increased with the Ge content in the alloys.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 274 (1978), S. 74-76 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] In many invertebrate visual pigments, the metarhodopsin state is long lived and so can easily be photo-excited. We have shown that the barnacle pigment transition scheme contains return loops, so that most of the thermal transitions are activated in some degree by photoexcitation of both rhodopsin ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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