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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Key words Atherosclerosis – extracellular matrix – HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors – smooth muscle – thrombospondin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical studies have shown that treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors can stabilize atherosclerotic plaques and slow their progression. One determinant of plaque stability and size is the composition of the vascular extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on the expression of major components of the vascular extracellular matrix in smooth muscle cells. Cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated for 24–72 h with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin (1–50 μmol/L), simvastatin (0.05–20 μmol/L), and pravastatin ( 1–100 μmol/L). RNA expression of the extracellular matrix proteins thrombospondin-1, fibronectin, collagen type I, and biglycan as well as expression of the cytokine TGF-β1 was determined by Northern blotting. Extracellular matrix protein secretion was visualized by immunofluorescence. In addition, cell proliferation and viability were measured using BrDU-ELISAs, MTT-tests, and direct cell counting. Expression of thrombospondin-1 was significantly decreased after 24 h incubations with lovastatin in concentrations as low as 1 μmol/L. Coincubation with the cholesterol precursor mevalonate completely reversed this effect. The downregulation of thrombospondin-1 expression occured in the same concentration range that also inhibited cell proliferation. In contrast, lovatatin did not affect expression of fibronectin, whereas collagen type I and biglycan expression decreased only after long incubations with high, toxic lovastatin concentrations. Simvastatin, but not the very hydrophilic compound pravastatin, had a similar effect on extracellular matrix expression as lovastatin. In summary, lovastatin and simvastatin predominantly decrease the expression of the glycoprotein thrombospondin-1, which is functionally associated with smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. In contrast, expression of plaque-stabilizing extracellular proteins such as collagen type I and biglycan are much less affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Angioplasty – smooth muscle – paclitaxel – restenosis – taxol ; Schlüsselwörter PTCA –¶Angioplastie – Paclitaxel –¶Restenose – Taxol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Paclitaxel, eine sehr potente antiproliferative Substanz, fördert die Bildung ungewöhnlich stabiler und funktionsgestörter Mikrotubuli und verändert dadurch zelluläre Mechanismen, die letztlich zu verminderter Proliferation, Migration und Signaltransduktion führen. Paclitaxel ist lipophil, was eine rasche Aufnahme in die Zelle fördert, und hat einen langanhaltenden Effekt in der Zelle aufgrund der strukturellen Veränderung des Zytoskelettes. Diese Eigenschaften machen Paclitaxel zu einem vielversprechenden Kandidaten für die lokale Medikamentenapplikation zur Restenoseprophylaxe. In dieser Arbeit werden die in-vitro und in-vivo Ergebnisse aus unseren Forschungsarbeiten zu Paclitaxel vorgestellt. Zellkulturexperimente mit Monokulturen von humanen glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen sowie mit Co-Kulturen mit humanen Endothelzellen zeigten, daß Paclitaxel in einem Dosisbereich zwischen 1,0 und 10,0μmol/l zu einer beinahe vollständigen Wachstumshemmung, selbst nach kurzer (20 min.) Einmalapplikation führt. Nach Vergleich von 3 verschiedenen Kathetersystemen (poröser Ballon, mikroporöser Ballon und Doppelballon) wurde der Doppelballon für die in-vivo Anwendung favorisiert. Anhand von Anfärbungen des Zytoskelettes sowie elektronenoptisch gelang der Nachweis der Paclitaxelwirkung in den glatten Muskelzellen der Gefäßwand. Im Kaninchen führte lokal appliziertes Paclitaxel zu einer signifikanten Hemmung der neointimalen Proliferation und Erweiterung des Gefäßdurchmessers im Vergleich zu ballondilatierten Kontrolltieren. In Zusatzexperimenten konnte eine drastische Verringerung der vaskulären Kontraktionskraft nach Paclitaxelgabe gezeigt werden. Ähnlich eindeutige Ergebnisse fanden sich nach Stentimplantation im Schweinemodell nicht.
    Notes: Summary Paclitaxel, a potent anti-tumor agent, shifts the cytoskeleton equilibrium towards assembly of altered and extraordinarily stable microtubules. These cellular modifications lead to reduced proliferation, migration, and signal transduction. It is highly lipophilic, which promotes a rapid cellular uptake, and has a long-lasting effect in the cell due to the structural alteration of the cytoskeleton. This makes paclitaxel a promising candidate for local drug delivery intended to address the proliferative and migratory processes involved in restenosis. In this article, results of our in vitro and in vivo studies with paclitaxel are presented. Cell culture experiments with monocultures of human arterial smooth muscle cells as well as cocultures with human endothelial cells showed that paclitaxel leads to an almost complete growth inhibition within a dose range of 1.0–10.0μmol/l, even after a short (20 min) single dose application. The comparison of an active, semi-active, and passive delivery system (porous balloon, microporous balloon, and double balloon) favored the double balloon for the following in vivo experiments. Tubulin staining and electron microscopy enabled visualization of paclitaxel-induced vessel wall alterations. In the rabbit model, locally delivered paclitaxel resulted in reduced neointima formation and enlargement in vessel size; in the pig model, however, after stenting, this inhibition was not significant. Both reduced proliferation and enlargement in vessel size contribute to a preservation of vessel shape and are likely to be caused by a structural alteration of the cytoskeleton, which is also supported by vascular contraction force experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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