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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clindamycin is neuroprotective in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis compared with ceftriaxone (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 91 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, rifampin is neuroprotective in comparison to ceftriaxone. So far it is not clear whether this can be generalized for other protein synthesis-inhibiting antimicrobial agents. We examined the effects of the bactericidal protein synthesis-inhibiting clindamycin (n = 12) on the release of proinflammatory bacterial components, the formation of neurotoxic compounds and neuronal injury compared with the standard therapy with ceftriaxone (n = 12) in a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis. Analysis of the CSF and histological evaluation were combined with microdialysis from the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. Compared with ceftriaxone, clindamycin reduced the release of lipoteichoic acids from the bacteria (p = 0.004) into the CSF and the CSF leucocyte count (p = 0.011). This led to lower extracellular concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (p = 0.034) and glutamate (p = 0.016) in the hippocampal formation and a subsequent reduction of extracellular glycerol levels (p = 0.018) and neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus (p = 0.008). The present data document beneficial effects of clindamycin compared with ceftriaxone on various parameters linked with the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis and development of neuronal injury. This study suggests neuroprotection to be a group effect of bactericidal protein synthesis-inhibiting antimicrobial agents compared with the standard therapy with β-lactam antibiotics in meningitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02837.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulocytes in the subarachnoid space of humans and rabbits with bacterial meningitis undergo apoptosis and are eliminated by macrophages (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 472-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cell death ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Central nervous system ; Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of leukocyte apoptosis to the resolution of meningeal inflammation in bacterial meningitis was studied in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in meningeal infiltrates of humans and rabbits by in situ tailing, flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. In humans, the rate of apoptotic granulocytes was 21.0 ± 20.8% (n = 11) in cytocentrifuge preparations and 3.3 ± 3.4 (n = 14) in putride infiltrates of autopsy cases (P = 0.02). In rabbits, CSF pleocytosis peaked 8 h after the initiation of antibiotic treatment (5311 ± 3122/μl). At this time, the rate of apoptotic granulocytes was 15.2 ± 7.3% in CSF and 1.8 ± 1.4% in the meningeal infiltrates (each group n = 6, P = 0.007). Thereafter, the rate of apoptotic granulocytes in CSF declined below 10%. In humans and rabbits, bands representing internucleosomal fragments of approximately 180 base pairs and multiples thereof were documented on agarose gels. Phagocytosis of apoptotic granulocytes by macrophages was visualized by light and electron microscopy. In conclusion, during resolution of subarachnoid space inflammation in bacterial meningitis, a substantial fraction of granulocytes undergoes apoptosis. These granulocytes are removed by phagocytosis by macrophages. Apoptosis is more frequent in granulocytes floating in the CSF than in adherent cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOLUTION OF THE COUPLED POISSON-SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS USING THE MULTIGRID METHOD (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 121-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a multigrid method for numerically solving the coupled Poisson-Schrödinger equations in one dimension for a multilayered HEMT device structure. It is shown that this method produces a good speed-up factor over the non-multigrid approach. This should make it suitable for incorporating into the two-dimensional HEMT model involving coupled Poisson, Schrödinger, current continuity and energy transport equations, with the Schrödinger equation being solved in slices perpendicular to the layer structure. The time taken to produce a multigrid solution depends on the size of the coarse grid and on the number of grids used. A method of predicting the time taken for any combination of these values is presented. The method is demonstrated for a 4-layer device. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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