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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 22 (1989), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction has been applied to an investigation of a selection of nickel sulfide crystals. In the first instance the technique itself was investigated to see whether it could be used successfully to distinguish between the space groups P21/a{\bar 3} (Pa{\bar 3}) of pyrite and Pnnm of marcasite. Subsequently, it was used to investigate the structure of a thin epilayer which was observed to have grown on selected facets of a certain synthetic nickel pyrite crystal. The epilayer was shown to be rhombohedral with possible space groups R{\bar 3}2/m (R3m) and lattice parameters ar = 6.4 Å, αr = 36°. In an attempt to positively identify this structure, the technique was applied to a number of related compounds including the mineral millerite (NiS, R3m), α-NiS – a high temperature polymorph of millerite (P63/mmc and P63mc), and the layer compound NiI2 (R{\bar 3}m). It was concluded that the epilayer was most probably NiCl2 formed by reaction of the NiS2 crystal with chlorine contained in the carrier gas used during the chemical vapour deposition growth process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 24 (1991), S. 38-47 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The breakdown of Friedel's law has been observed in backscatter Kikuchi diffraction patterns (BKDP) obtained in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) from a series of zincblende structures including GaAs, InP, GaSb, CdHgTe and the minerals sphalerite (ZnS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13). Differences in intensities were observed between the reflections 51{\bar 1} and 5{\bar 1}{\bar 1} in InP, GaSb, CdHgTe and sphalerite, thus allowing the non-centrosymmetric point group {\bar 4}3m to be determined. In GaAs, differences in intensities were noted between {\bar 5}11 and {\bar 4}{\bar 1}. In chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite, non-equivalent intensities were observed between {\bar 2}15 and 2{\bar 1}{\bar 5} and between 3{\bar 1}{\bar 2} and 31{\bar 2}, respectively. In addition, BKDPs obtained from chalcopyrite revealed a small displacement at the point where the pair of equivalent reflections {\bar 4}06 and 460 intersect within the Kikuchi band 02{\bar 2}. The presence of this displacement together with observation of the breakdown of Friedel's law confirmed the tetragonal point group {\bar 4}2m for chalcopyrite. Although the point groups of GaAs, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite were derived successfully using BKDPs, determination of their space groups proved unsuccessful. The superstructure reflections were invisible because the structure factors are very small. The behaviour of the invisible 200 reflection in GaAs is investigated using many-beam dynamical intensity profiles calculated across the h00 systematic row of reflections. Dynamical intensity profiles calculated across the h00 systematic rows of reflections for Ge, InP and sphalerite are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 737-743 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The crystal symmetry of the mineral chalcopyrite has been investigated using Kikuchi-line intersections. It has been found that Kikuchi lines which intersect within systematic rows of reflections are very sensitive to small differences in interplanar spacings and can be used for symmetry determination. A small displacement of the point of intersection of the Kikuchi lines 3,3,{\bar 1} {\bar 4} and {\bar 3}7{\bar 6} within the 02{\bar 4} and 0{\bar 2}4 systematic row of Kikuchi reflections was seen, indicating that the 02{\bar 4} and 0{\bar 2}4 Kikuchi lines do not lie on a mirror plane. Similar observations were also made for the intersection points of the {\bar 3}, {\bar 1}, 10, 3{\bar 5}2 and {\bar 5}, {\bar 1}, 14, 5{\bar 7}2 Kikuchi lines within the 02{\bar 4} and 0{\bar 2}4 systematic row of reflections. The Kikuchi lines intersecting within the 0h0 systematic rows of reflections showed no displacements, which is consistent with the point group, {\bar 4}2m, of chalcopyrite. The antiferromagnetic superstructure of chalcopyrite has also been investigated. Dark-field transmission electron microscope (TEM) images obtained with the 110 superstructure reflection showed antiferromagnetic domains, which altered their configurations on heating by the electron beam. The alterations were reversible and were interpreted as originating from magneto-elastic deformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An account is given of transmission electron microscope investigations of the phase transitions in single crystals and ceramics of the complex perovskite structured ferroelectric `relaxor' compound Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3. The crystal symmetries pertaining to both the non-polar paraelectric (PE) and polar ferroelectric (FE) states have been studied by the technique of convergent-beam electron diffraction. A new phase transition has been discovered in the temperature range for which the FE and PE states coexist. The new phase transition is interpreted as the creation of a modulated antiferroelectric state, and this is viewed as marking a departure from relaxor behaviour towards more `normal' ferroelectric behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 477-487 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Electron diffraction patterns, X-ray precession patterns and synchrotron Rietveld powder diffraction profiles were used to study the crystal structure of the pseudo-perovskite compound Pb2(Sc,Ta)O6 (PST). The results of a Rietveld refinement and single-crystal X-ray precession studies showed that PST has a lower symmetry than the cubic Fm3m in the paraelectric state. The remarkable similarities between the crystal structures of the antiferroelectric Pb2(Mg, W)O6 (PMW) and ferroelectric PST are studied in detail by electron diffraction and it is suggested that PST is a weak or frustrated antiferroelectric oxide. The influence of the degree of structural long-range order on the existence of an antiferroelectric phase transition in PST and PMW is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 1645-1655 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Pb-rich second-phase particles in perovskite-structured Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3 (PST) ferroelectric ceramic relaxors have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The second-phase particles were observed to exhibit a range of morphologies which included spheroidal inclusions, plate-like precipitates and intergranular films. Moiré fringes and lattice images have been used to identify various non-perovskite phases. It is deduced that excess PbO, which is used to assist densification through liquid phase sintering and to promote grain growth, becomes entrapped within the ceramics, thereby producing Pb-enriched phases that have adverse effects on dielectric properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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