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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 20 (1980), S. 441-446 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene foams have been generated and fabricated into differently shaped structures', by change of steaming period under constant impregnation time and solvent-nonsolvent composition. Optical photomicrographs of samples both plain and wax-copper-coated reveal uniform appearance, distinct grain-boundaries, and random cell size distribution. Dielectric measurements have been made on test specimens cut according to wave-guide size at 9.375 GHz X-band microwave frequency by short-circuited wave-guide method of Smith and Hippel modified by Dakin and Works. Dielectric constants are linear, on direct and semi-log scales in bulk-density and volume-fraction, obeying Weiner's inequalities. Formulae of Landau-Lifshitz, Beer, Maxwell-Wagner, Odelevsky, etc. have been tried. Data fit best with the logarithmic law of Lichtenecker and Rother. Specific polarization is also a true function of density. Dielectric constant vs bulk-density plots of foams resemble dielectric-constant vs fractional-density plots based on the theoretical derivation by Smith for polystyrene compacts, signifying that compacts containing closely-spaced oblong-spherical particles arc physically similar to foams having spherical gas inclusions in plastic structures. Tan δ lying in the range 0.002-0.0038 results from conformational polarization (β-relaxation at room-temperature for wide-angle torsional oscillations of side-groups with co-operative motion from wriggling chains). It is therefore possible for low-loss foam dielectrics suitable for micro-wave applications to be made by this method.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielektrische Effekte wurden mit Hilfe der kurzgeschlossenen Wellenleiter-Methode im Mikrowellenbereich bei 9,375 GHz an Schäumen aus Copolymeren, die Styrol und MMA in verschiedener Zusammensetzung enthielten, untersucht. Sie wurden unter gleichen Bedingungen in bezug auf Lösungsmittel/Fällungsmittel, Imprägnierungszeit und Dampfbehandlungsdauer hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Schaumdichte korreliert; die Porosität und die Zusammensetzung wurde anhand der Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkungen und der Anwendbarkeit von Wieners Gesetz sowie anhand des logarithmischen Gesetzes von Lichtenecker und Rother mit einem empirischen Faktor von 0,64 basierend auf dem Gesetz der Additivität von Mischungen und der Beziehung von Böttcher-Bruggeman interpretiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen von mit Kupfer überzogenen Bruchflächen der Proben wurden gemacht, um den Grad der Schäumbarkeit, die Zellenverteilung und den Versagensmechanismus zu prüfen. Die Mikrohärte, die Kompressions- und die Biegefestigkeit wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Die Verlust-Charakteristika wurden in ähnlicher Weise der Schäumbarkeit und der Orientierbarkeit der Dipole zugeschrieben. Eine richtige Wahl des Reaktivitätsverhältnisses der Monomeren führt zu einer optimalen Verstärkung und zu guten dielektrischen Werten für die Anforderungen in bezug auf Elektronik und Radartechnik.
    Notes: Ambient dielectric effects were studied by the short-circuited waveguide method at 9.375 GHz microwave frequency in foams from copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate of varying compositions, generated under identical conditions of solvent-nonsolvent ratio, impregnation time and steaming period. The results were correlated with foam-density, porosity and composition and were interpreted in terms of dipole-dipole interactions and the applicability of Wiener's inequalities, logarithmic law of Lichtenecker and Rother with an empirical factor of 0.64 in the index based on the additive law of mixtures and the Böttcher-Bruggeman's relation. Scanning electron micrography on copper-coated fractured surfaces of the samples was done in order to examine the degree of foamability, cell-size distribution and the mechanism of failure. Microhardness, compressive and flexural strength were also measured. Loss characteristics were similarly ascribed to copolymer foamability and dipoleorientability. A prudent choice in the monomer reactivity ratio might therefore yield an optimum reinforcement and a proper dielectric requirement suitable for electronic and radar device constructions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 9 (1971), S. 395-414 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A polymer having the structure of guanidinopolyhydroxynitrile has been produced by heating an equimolar mixture of urea and anhydrous ZnCl2 in nitrogen at 300°C and 27 atm. The structure has been established from elemental analysis, percentage of nitrogen as primary amine, and ultraviolet and infrared spectra of the polymer and its derivatives. A mechanism of the polymerization based on some experimental evidence has been suggested. Its physical properties have been attributed to its skeletal structure and ring closure by hydrogen bonding. Thermograms reveal that it is stable to 150°C, after which it decomposes slowly till a 75% weight residue is obtained at 575°C with a constant weight plateau extended to 680°C. In acid solvents, protonation occurs at the —NH2 group or the azomethine nitrogen atoms, producing polycations. The polyelectrolytic character in acids has been confirmed by viscometric and osmotic studies and the molecules tend to be both coiled up and associated in solutions. [n] in anhydrous formic acid is 0.3636 dl/g. The molecular weights of the polymer and its various fractions range between 39,500 and 25,900. Dielectric constants, dielectric losses, and conductivities of the polymer have also been measured as functions of frequency and temperature and it has been proved that the dispersion is due to dipole polarization. The average energy of the dipole is 1.73 × 10-2 eV/°K, the intrinsic activation energy for conduction is 0.186 eV, the conductivities being of the order of 2 × 10-6 to 7 × 10-7 mho-cm-1. The polymer is therefore a semiconductor. The number of charge carriers is 2.12 × 1016/cm2, which agrees reasonably well with the value, 6.66 × 1016, obtained from spin-density calculations from ESR signals.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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