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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis (1971)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 75 (1971), S. 32-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Hermit crabs (Pagurus samuelis) were held in groups and also in isolation in aquaria simulating their natural surroundings. Group-held crabs were matched against one another in a small arena to provide base-line data. Then group-held hermit crabs were matched against crabs held in isolation for 3, 8, 12, or 30 days. Individual components of behavior were quantified in terms of total seconds involved in that behavior, mean duration of each component, its frequency of occurrence, and the proportion of tests having at least one occurrence. Also noted were the latency of initiation of aggression, who initiated, who dominated, and the decisiveness of outcome. 2. Aggressive actions of low rank (Series 1) were relatively unaffected by isolation. High ranking actions (Series 2), mostly those of actual combat, increased with isolation; and the higher the rank the longer was the delay to the onset of the increase. 3. Dominance, decisiveness, and initiation were all hightened by isolation, but latency was unchanged. 4. Locomotory behavior decreased during isolation. 5. Fear behavior decreased at first, but then rose above the base-line level with further isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335136
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incompatibility and assortative mating in the Midas cichlid (1977)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2 (1977), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The Midas cichlid Cichlasoma citrinellum of Nicaragua is a polychromatic fish. In some populations about 10% of the adults of both sexes are colored as the common goldfish. To explore differential effects of coloration on pair success, all four combinations of sex and color were observed, first separated by a transparent screen, then together. The normal size relation was used, i.e., the female about 85% the weight of the male. 2. Time to spawn showed no difference according to pair types with or without the screen, but the pairs that formed without the screen spawned more quickly than those with it. Failure to pair due to the male attacking the female, without the screen, occurred faster in pairs with normal than in those with gold females. The combination least able to form a pair was gold male x normal female. 3. Mixed-color pairs were then tested with the females half or equal to the weight of the males. Equal-sized mates in gold male x normal female pairs resulted in pair success comparable to “normal” levels. Other studies indicate that gold color inhibits aggression. Apparently the combination of larger size and gold color makes the gold male too intimidating for the normal female, while making the female as large as the male compensates for the male's gold color.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299288
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do gold Midas cichlid fish win fights because of their color, or because they lack normal coloration? (1983)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 13 (1983), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gold morphs (G) of the polychromatic Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, dominate those of normal coloration (N). The adults vary greatly in weight because they continue to grow after reaching sexual maturity; relative weight is an important determinant of dominance. The first objective here was to characterize dominance in relation to color and to relative size by staging a large number of encounters between fish of various weights. Logistic curves were fitted to the data to analyze the relationship between relative size and winning. The baseline curves for N vs N and G vs G (Fig. 1, Table 1) did not differ (Table 2). The shape of the curve for N vs G also was not different from that of the baseline curves. But the curve for N vs G was shifted such that N must weigh 116% of G for the probability of winning to be 0.50. The dominance effect of G stems directly from their color, not from the absence of normal markings or from genetically coupled aggressiveness. When G were matched against white morphs (W) the logistic curve was displaced such that W must be 117% the weight of G to enjoy a 50% chance of winning, just as with N vs G. In N vs W, the chance of either winning was 50% when they were equal in weight, thus just as in the baseline curves for N vs N and G vs G. Absolute size played a role. Large mature fish had a higher logistic coefficient, indicating greater sensitivity to differences in relative weight, than did small immature fish (Table 3). Data were also gathered from some of the contests on the consequences of winning and losing. Losers were often forced to the surface and suffered more splits in their fins. However, when G lost to N many G were tolerated near the bottom (Table 4). On average, G losers had fewer splits in their fins than did the N winners. W losers were tolerated near the bottom, and W winners and losers suffered litte damage, suggesting the colorless pattern W provokes fewer attacks (Tables 4–6).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Midas cichlids win through prowess or daring? It depends (1986)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 19 (1986), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Individual Midas cichlids (Cichlasoma citrinellum) show persistent differences in aggressive behavior toward dummy fish. The starting question was whether the level of such behavior can be used to predict the winner of a fight. In the first (long-term) experiment two fish were matched for size, color, and sex. After 24 h the opaque barrier separating the 2 fish was removed; they immediately behaved aggressively. Scores for aggression toward dummies did not predict the winners, nor did taking the initiative in escalation. But weight did foretell the winners, who averaged only 2% heavier than their opponents. The conventional display phase of such fights was brief (20% of total duration), and escalation was rapid. Both winners and losers sustained damage, but losers accumulated damage faster than winners. In the subsequent (short-term) experiment the fish were separated only 1–2 h. Now aggression scores predicted winners, and winners were the fish who escalated. Weight of fish had no effect. The conventional phase was relatively much longer, about half the length of the fight. Losers accumulated damage at the same rate as the losers in the long-term experiment, but the fights were shorter; winners suffered little damage. The fish had difficulty assessing one another. Fighting prowess was remarkably uniform when weight was factored out. Daring to escalate, in contrast, varied among individuals and correlated with aggression scores. Prowess (=weight) determined the outcome in the long-term experiment, which may find its parallel in nature in intraterritorial disputes. Daring to escalate determined the winner in the short-term experiment; this may be comparable to establishing a territory in nature. Prowess probably results from strong directional selection because it has low costs and high benefits. In contrast, daring is subject to bi-directional selection because both costs and benefits are high. Resource holding potential is conventionally viewed as deriving from prowess of self and opponent and value of resource; to that one must add the individual's inherent aggressiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303836
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why is the coral-reef fish Valenciennea strigata (Gobiidae) monogamous? (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 43 (1998), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Monogamy ; Mate choice ; Female benefits ; Nonequilibrium model ; Mate guarding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parental-investment theory predicts that monogamy should be rare, and empirical evidence supports this prediction. Monogamy has generally been explained by either (1) a need for biparental care, or (2) a uniform distribution of limiting resources. By contrast, monogamy has evolved in several coral-reef fishes without biparental care, and many coral-reef fishes may not be limited by resources. Monogamy in these fishes might be explained by either (3) a low population density that favors mate fidelity, or (4) an abundance of resources that allows all males to breed and thus lowers the cost-benefit ratio for females that mate guard. We tested predictions of these hypotheses in the coral-reef fish, Valenciennea strigata, except that (1) biparental care had previously been rejected. We found no evidence of resource limitation (2a): food densities within territories did not differ from the density of food in unused habitat adjacent to territories; potential nest sites also existed in this unused habitat. Similarly, (2b) if resources limit the population, territory defense might require the coordinated efforts of a pair; however, widowed fish maintained their territories and (3) remated rapidly. Finally, (4) all males maintained a nest, both sexes enforced monogamy by mate guarding, and females benefited from guarding a high-quality (large) mate. Females mated to large males fed more than when they paired with small males. The results support the hypothesis that abundant and uniformly distributed resources can lead to monogamy by lowering the cost of guarding a mate when mate guarding provides benefits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050487
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melanophore death and disappearance produces color metamorphosis in the polychromatic Midas cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatophores ; Color change ; Ultrastructure ; Melanophores ; Macrophages ; Xanthophores ; Cichlasoma citrinellum (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe the histological basis of color metamorphosis in the polychromatic Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum. Eight percent of the individuals in a natural population transform from gray with black markings to orange, simultaneously losing their ability to adjust coloration in response to background and social context. This trait is inherited. Light- and electron microscopy revealed that this transformation is a two-step process. First, the melanophores die, then macrophage-like cells remove the debris. As a result of this initial process, the underlying xanthophores become visible, producing the orange coloration. A similar process may occur in individuals that further transform to white, or go directly from gray to white.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221733
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The art of rubbing a fish the right way (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 16 (1986), S. 331-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00842991
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of parental investment, dispersal and size among coral-reef fishes (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 6 (1981), S. 65-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Eggs ; Fecundity ; Food ; Freshwater fishes ; Larvae ; Open coast ; Ovoviviparity ; Patchiness ; Plankton ; Predation ; Viviparity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Coral-reef fishes have been selected to produce propagules for dispersal because they live in a patchy environment, and the adults cannot migrate between patches. For large species (〉100 mm SL) and widely separated patches, numerous propagules are needed, often with specialized pelagic intervals. Individuals of small species are confined to portions of the reef. They are unable to produce enough eggs for effective longrange dispersal, and so they keep their vulnerable eggs and young out of the plankton until they are well developed enough to seek out and settle onto the appropriate habitat before dispersing. Guarded demersal eggs, requiring a greater individual investment by the small short-lived species, further reduces their individual fecundity. These costs to fecundity, and the reduction in vagile young appear to account for the lack of postzygotic investment in larger longlived species. All coral-reef fishes are selected to disperse, usually with a young planktonic propagule interval. Both large and small species produce a mixed outcome, with some propagules returned to, or retained at the home reef, while others disperse more widely. The smaller the species the greater the proportion of propagules retained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001801
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The benefits of being gold: behavioral consequences of polychromatism in the midas cichlid,Cichlasoma citrinellum (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 8 (1983), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Amelanism ; Aggression ; Assessing mates ; Assortative mating ; Cheaters ; Chemical communication ; Coloration ; Context model ; Dominance ; Dummies ; Genetics ; Inhibition model ; Metamorphosis ; Nicaragua ; Parental care ; Polymorphism ; Sexual imprinting ; Visual communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The midas cichlid,Cichlasoma citrinellum, occurs in the lakes of Nicaragua. In semi-turbid to turbid lakes about 8% of the adults are amelanic, having lost their melanophores at various ages, and are thus yellow through red and sometimes white. The commonest hues are yellow through orange, called gold. Gold morphs ought to be selected against because they are probably conspicuous to predators and they cannot communicate by changing markings. To maintain the polymorphism, gold coloration must have offsetting advantages. Gold morphs dominate normal ones of equal size, and that improves their access to limiting resources. Gold morphs, however, do not seem to be intrinsically more aggressive but rather attain dominance through the effect of their color on their opponents. This gold effect is affected by experience; it is enhanced by sharing the color of the dominant fish in a group, and by being rare. The midas cichlid mates assortatively but imperfectly. Choice of mate is influenced by color of self and of parents and can be constrained by size-color relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001089
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spawning, eggs and larvae of the longnose filefish Oxymonacanthus longirostris, a monogamous coralivore (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 20 (1987), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Aggression ; Coloration ; Demersal eggs ; Dimorphism ; Mimicry ; Recruitment ; Territory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The longnose filefish (Monacanthidae, Oxymonacanthus longirostris) was studied at a patch reef on Enewetak Atoll. It swims with undulations of its median fins and feeds almost continuously on coral polyps, using its beak-like mouth. The spot in the tail resembles an eye so that the tail looks like a head when it protrudes from the coral during feeding. There is slight dichromatism in that males have brighter pelvic flaps. Most of the fish were color tagged for individual recognition. They tended to remain within a given area, although some fish roamed throughout the patch. Most of the larger adults formed monogamous pairs; the smaller fish were variously alone or in groups of 1–5 individuals who appeared to know one another. Only pairs having the largest males, on the periphery of the patch, were clearly territorial. Aggression was a common event featuring a few distinctive displays, most of which were used in courtship as well. Spawning may be a daily event, occurring around 1600 h. The female probes and selects a tuft of blue-green algae; the male nuzzles the female and they spawn in the algae. The green eggs are about 0.7 mm in diameter, demersal, adhesive, and hidden in the algae; they hatched in 53.5 h, just after sunset. The planktonic larvae fit the monacanthid type B of Leis & Rennis (1983) and were initially 2.5 mm TL; by day 5 their yolk was gone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004953
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