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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1204-1208 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An oxygen microdetector suitable for respiratory experiments with small laboratory animals is described. Its principle structure is an O2-sensitive dye layer. To measure pO2 the capability of O2 to quench the fluorescence of dyes is used. The instrumental dead space of the detector amounts to 0.1 ml only. The detector indicates 90% of a concentration jump from 20 to 15 vol. % O2 in less than 20 ms without any dead time. Neither O2 nor sample volume are consumed. The special setup of the dye layer prevents CO2, N2O, and the humidity of the gas from affecting the fluorescence quenching of oxygen. The mean standard deviation is 0.95% of the relative fluorescence signal between 9.99 and 59.62 kPa pO2. The detector is suitable to measure rapid changes of pO2 in inspired and expired gases and may be enlarged for use in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 361 (1975), S. 99-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Deaeration of VAN SLYKE reagents ; VAN SLYKE method ; micro gasometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 152 (1975), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Anatomical Dead Space ; Fast O2-Electrode ; Dead Air Plateau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenafassung Im Exspirationsrohr eines Atemventils, welches sich nahe am Mund des Probanden befindet werden gleichzeitig O2-Partialdruck mit einer O2-Elektrode und exspiriertes Volumen mit einem Pneumotachographen gemessen. Die PO2-Anzeige hat eine 90%-Einstellzeit von 40 ms. Während der Totluft-Bolus die O2-Elektrode passiert, wird das sogenannte Totluft-Plateau gemessen. Das bis zum Ende des (korrigierten) Totluft-Plateaus exspirierte Volumen entspricht dem Totraumvolumen. Das Totluft-Plateau wird durch Strömungs- und Diffusionsverbreiterung im Respirationstrakt verkürzt. Die Verbreiterung wird im Exspirationsrohr simuliert, sowie mit einer zweiten O2-Elektrode gemessen und als Korrektur berücksichtigt. Es werden einige vorläufige Messungen an gesunden Probanden angegeben und die systematische Abweichung von der Methode nach Fowler diskutiert. Von dem neuen Verfahren ist zu erwarten, daß es auch in pathologischen Fällen verläßliche Werte für das Totraumvolumen liefert.
    Notes: Abstract In the expiratory tube of a respiratory valve, which is as near as possible to the mouth of the subject, the O2-partial pressure (PO2) and the expired volume are measured simultaneously. The PO2 response time is approximately 40 ms. As the dead air bolus passes the O2-electrode, the so-called dead air plateau is recorded. The volume expired till the end of the (corrected) dead air plateau is the anatomical dead space. The dead air plateau is shortened by flow disturbance and diffusion within the respiratory tract. This artefact is simulated in the exspiratory tube and measured with a second O2-electrode. From this the dead air plateau can be corrected. Some preliminary measurements are given. The systematic error as compared to the Fowler method is discussed. The new method is also expected to give reliable values in pathological cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: O2-Hb Binding curves of Human Blood ; van Slyke-Method ; Microphotometric Method ; Dependence on Wavelength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden O2-Hb-Bindungskurven vom Blut einer Versuchsperson mit dem modifizierten Mikroverfahren nach Niesel und Thews bei zwei Wellenlängen (436 und 578 nm) gemessen. Bei verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen lag die 578 nm-Kurve stets deutlich links von der 436 nm-Kurve. Unter gleichen Versuchsbedingungen wurden die Messungen mit dem van Slyke-Verfahren verglichen. Es ergibt sich, daß die van Slyke-Methode und das modifizierte Verfahren bei 578 nm eine innerhalb der Fehlergrenze übereinstimmende O2-Hb-Bindungskurve ergeben.
    Notes: Abstract O2-Hb binding curves from the blood of one proband were measured at two wavelengths (436 and 578 nm) using the modified micromethod according to Niesel and Thews. Under various conditions the 578 nm curve was considerably shifted to the left as compared with the 436 nm curve. For comparison the measurements were made by the van Slyke method under the same experimental conditions. It has been found that within the range of error the results of the micromethod at 578 nm agree with the results of the van Slyke method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 149 (1973), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Lung Clearance ; ν-Principle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Lungen-Clearance-Kurve ist es möglich, die Funktionsstruktur der Lunge zu untersuchen. Eine Clearance-Kurve der Lunge kann jedoch erheblich gestört werden, wenn man als Abszisse eine ungeeignete Koordinate, z. B. die Zeit wählt. Das gleiche gilt auch für Variationen der ventilatorischen Parameter, d. h. der Atemfrequenz, des Atemzugvolumens, des Alveolarvolumens sowie des Totraumvolumens. Da man diese Parameter bei spontaner Atmung praktisch nicht konstant halten kann, wird ein neues Prinzip (ν-Prinzip) zur Lösung des Problems vorgeschlagen. Das ν-Prinzip besteht in einer geeigneten Transformation der Abszisse der Clearance-Kurve. An Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie der Einfluß der Atemfrequenz und jeweils eines ventilatorischen Parameters eliminiert werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract It is possible to investigate the functional structure of the lung with the aid of a clearance curve. A lung-clearance curve may be considerably distorted when an unsuitable variable is plotted along the abscissa, e. g. the stated time. The same is true of variations of the ventilatory parameters, i. e. frequency, tidal volume, alveolar volume, and dead space. As it is almost impossible to keep these ventilatory parameters constant during spontaneous respiration a new principle (ν-principle) is proposed as a solution to the problem. The ν-principle is roughly an appropriate transformation of the abscissa of the clearance curve. Examples are given to show how the influence of frequency and one of the other parameters can be eliminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 309 (1969), S. 232-249 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hemoglobin ; Oxygen Dissociation Curve ; Complex-Forming ; Coordination Hypothesis ; Dissociation into Subunits ; Hämoglobin ; Sauerstoffbindung ; Komplexbildung ; Koordinationshypothese ; Dissoziation in Untereinheiten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird nach der Methode des einfachsten Modells eine Hypothese für die Hämoglobin-Sauerstoff-Reaktion entwickelt, die es erlaubt, u. a. die Abhängigkeit der O2-Bindungskurve und des Molekulargewichts von der Hämoglobinkonzentration zu beschreiben. Nach dieser Hypothese zerfällt das tetramere Hämoglobin symmetrisch in seine dimeren und monomeren Untereinheiten. Jeder dieser Untereinheiten kommt eine spezifische, für alle Oxygenierungsstufen gleiche O2-Affinität zu. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Hypothese ist ferner die Wirkung einer niedermolekularen, das tetramere Hämoglobin stabilisierenden Zwischensubstanz Z. Die aus den numerischen Rechnungen erhaltenen Werte der Parameter geben Anlaß, die Z-Substanz mit Ca++ und/oder Mg++ zu identifizieren. Unter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, daß diese zweiwertigen Ionen Komplexe bilden, lassen sich die weiteren bekannten Eigenschaften der O2-Bindungskurve qualitativ zwanglos deuten. Wegen der großen Bedeutung der Komplexbildung bezeichnen wir diese Modellvorstellung als Koordinationshypothese.
    Notes: Summary A hypothesis for the hemoglobin oxygen reaction after the procedure of “minimal model” is developed, which is able to explain quantitatively the dependence of molecular weight and of the O2 dissociation curve on the hemoglobin concentration. After this hypothesis the tetramer hemoglobin dissociates symmetrically into its dimer and monomer subunits. Each of these subunits has a specific O2 affinity, which is the same for every stage of their oxygenation. An essential aspect of this hyothesis, moreover, is the effect of a low molecule intermediary substance, Z, which stabilizes the tetramer. The parameter values obtained from the numerical calculations allow the Z substance to be identified with Ca++ and/or Mg++. By taking into consideration the complex-forming tendency of these bivalent ions, the other known properties of the O2 dissociation curve can be easily qualitatively explained. Because of the great importance of this complex-forming property, we call the model a coordination hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 309 (1969), S. 224-231 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Haemoglobin in Solution ; Dissociation into Subunits ; Dissociation Model ; Hämoglobinlösung ; Dissoziation in Untereinheiten ; Dissoziationsmodell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die molekulare Deutung der Sauerstoffbindungskurven wird ein Modell für die Dissoziation des Human-Hämoglobins aufgestellt. Das Modell ist charakterisiert durch den symmetrischen Zerfall des Hb-Moleküls in dimere Untereinheiten mit je einer α- und einer β-Kette und die weitere Dissoziation zu Unimeren. Ferner muß eine stabilisierende Zwischen-substanzZ angenommen werden, um den außergewöhnlichen Verlauf der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Molekulargewichtes quantitative zu deuten. Auf der Grundlage der experimentellen Ergebnisse vonSchachmann u.Edelstein (1966) werden die Parameter des Modells mit Hilfe einer elektronischen Rechenanlage ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary A model, which takes into account the molecular explanation of the oxygen dissociation curves, is constructed for the dissociation into subunits of human haemoglobin. The model is characterized by the symmetrical dissociation of the Hb molecule into dimer subunits, each with an α- and a β-chain, as well as the further dissociation into unimers. Moreover, a stabilising intermediary substance,Z, must be assumed, in order to explain quantitatively the unusual molecular weight concentration dependence. TakingSchachman andEdelstein's (1966) expermental results as a basis, the parameters of the model are then determined with the aid of an electronic computer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weigth distribution curves determined by electron microscopy exhibit a deviation when approaching a molecular weight of 106. Picturing of single molecules therefore was improved by the introduction of shadowing by electron beam. Techniques of preparation (by freeze-drying) and shadowing are described in detail. The scanning size of the electron beam shadowing is in between 15 and 20 Å and is given by the structure of the supporting film. By double shadowing from different sides it is demonstrated, that there is no “decoration effect” in electron beam shadowing. The lower limit of an exact determination of the dimensions is a molecular weight of ca. 105. It is shown with latex particles that there is a change of shape with time of the particles after sedimentation on the support which is dependent on the kind of polymer and of the conditions. Their volume though remains constant within the limits of error.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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