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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A drug interaction study between ticlopidine and cyclosporin in heart transplant recipients (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 53 (1997), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ticlopidine ; Cyclosporin; heart transplanta tion ; cytochrome P450-3A4 ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Previous uncontrolled studies have suggested an interaction between ticlopidine, a major antiplatelet agent, and cyclosporin in heart- and kidney-transplant recipients. The aims of this study were to examine in a randomised, double-blind fashion, the possible interaction between cyclosporin A and ticlopidine (250 mg per day) and the tolerability of this combination in heart-transplant recipients. Methods: Twenty heart-transplant recipients were randomised into either a treated or a placebo group. Blood samples were drawn for time-course evaluation of cyclosporin blood levels over a period of 12 h, following the morning intake of cyclosporin and, for platelet aggregation studies, before and after 14 days of ticlopidine administration. Twenty four-hour urine samples were collected for 6-β-hydroxycortisol measurements, before and after 14 days of ticlopidine. Results: Although given at half the recommended daily dosage, ticlopidine significantly reduced platelet aggregation. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that the bioavailability of cyclosporin A was not significantly modified by ticlopidine. However, one patient in the ticlopidine group was withdrawn because of a major fall in cyclosporin blood level within 3 days of treatment. Urinary excretion of 6-β-hydroxycortisol was augmented after treatment in the ticlopidine group compared with the placebo group, suggesting that induction of drug metabolism might have occurred. Data also show quite a large intra-individual variability in cyclosporin bioavailability in the placebo group, suggesting that poor absorption of the drug formulation and/or poor compliance might have contributed to the decreased cyclosporin blood levels in the patient withdrawn from this study and in previous uncontrolled studies. Conclusion: Cyclosporin bioavailability was not clearly modified by a half dosage of ticlopidine in this study. We, however, recommend closely monitoring cyclosporin blood levels when prescribing ticlopidine. Further studies will be needed with new formulations of cyclosporin or when using the full dosage of ticlopidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050334
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accuracy of pulse oximetry during intense exercise under severe hypoxic conditions (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 76 (1997), S. 260-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Pulse oximetry ; Arterial oxygen saturation ; Hypoxia ; Exercise ; Accuracy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is a growing need to measure arterial oxygen saturation with a non-invasive method during heavy exercise under severe hypoxic conditions. Although the accuracy of pulse oximetry has been challenged by several authors, it has not been done under extreme conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a pulse oximeter (Satlite, Datex, Finland) during exercise under hypoxic conditions where arterial oxygen saturation was below 75%, simulating exercise at extreme altitude. Ten healthy non-smoking men performed two exercise studies of 30 min under normoxia and under hypoxia on two consecutive days. The exercise intensity was 80% of maximal O2 consumption of O2max. Arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry was corrected (S pO2[corr]) according to previously published equations and was compared to arterial oxygen saturation (S aO2) in blood samples taken simultaneously from the radial artery. Reference arterial saturation values ranged from 57.2 to 97.6% for the whole data set. This data set was split according to low (S aO2 ≤ 75%) and high (S aO2 〉 75%) S aO2 values. The error of pulse oximetry (S pO2[corr]− S aO2) was 2.05 (0.87)% [mean (SD)] and 1.80 (1.81)% for high and low S aO2 values, respectively. S pO2[corr] and S aO2 were highly correlated (r = 0.93, SEE = 1.8) for low values. During high-intensity constant workload under severe hypoxic conditions, once corrected, pulse oximetry provides an estimate of S aO2 with a mean error of 2%. Thus, the correction previously described for S pO2 values above 75% saturation applies also to S pO2 values in the range of 57–75% during exercise under hypoxic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050245
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The energetics of middle-distance running (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 60 (1990), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Middle-distance running velocity ; Treadmill test ; Body dimensions ; Energy cost of running ; Maximal aerobic velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the relative contribution of aerobic processes to running velocity (v), 27 male athletes were selected on the basis of their middle-distance performances over 800, 1500, 3000 or 5000 m, during the 1987 track season. To be selected for study, the average running velocity $$(\bar \upsilon )$$ corresponding to their performances had to be superior to 90% of the best French $$\bar \upsilon $$ of the season. Maximum O2 consumption $$(\dot V_{O_{2{\text{ max}}} } )$$ and energy cost of running (C) had been measured within the 2 months preceding the track season, which, together with oxygen consumption at rest $$(\dot V_{O_{2{\text{ rest}}} } )$$ allowed us to calculate the maximalv that could be sustained under aerobic conditions: $$\upsilon _{a max} {\text{ = }}(\dot V_{O_{2{\text{ max}}} } - \dot V_{O_{2{\text{ rest}}} } ) \times {\text{ C}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} $$ . The treadmill runningv corresponding to a blood lactate of 4 mmol·−1 (v la4), was also calculated. In the whole group, C was significantly related to height (r=−0.43;P〈0.03). Neither C nor $$\dot V_{o_{2{\text{ }}max} } $$ (with, in this case, the exception of the 3000 m athletes) were correlated to $$\bar \upsilon $$ . On the other hand,v a max was significantly correlated to $$\bar \upsilon $$ over distances longer than 800 m. These $$\bar \upsilon $$ were also correlated tov la4. Howeverv la4 occurred at 87.5% SD 3.3% ofv a max, this relationship was interpreted as being an expression of the correlation betweenv a max and $$\bar \upsilon $$ . Calculation ofv a max provided a useful means of analysing the performances. At the level of achievement studied, $$\bar \upsilon $$ sustained over 3000 m corresponded tov a max. The shape of the relationship ofv/v a max as a function of the duration of the event raised the question of a possible change in C as a function of v during middle-distance running competitions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572183
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 61 (1990), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Sprint running ; Middle-distance running ; Blood lactate ; Performance ; Energy cost of running
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationships between anaerobic glycolysis and the average velocity ( $$\bar \upsilon$$ ) sustained during running were studied in 17 top level athletes (11 males and 6 females). A blood sample was obtained within 10 min of the completion of major competitions over 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m and the blood lactate concentration [1a]b was measured. In both male and female athletes [1a]b was related to the relative performance, as expressed as a percentage of the athlete's best $$\bar \upsilon$$ of the season. Over 400m, r=0.85 (P〈0.01) and r=0.80 (P〈0.05) in males and females, respectively. Over 800 m, the corresponding values were r=0.76 (P〈0.01) and r=0.91 (P〈0.01). In male runners [1a]b was correlated to $$\bar \upsilon$$ : r=0.89 (P〈0.01) and r=0.71 (P〈0.02) over 400 m and 800 m, respectively. No relationship to relative performance or $$\bar \upsilon$$ was obtained over 1500 m. Energy expenditure during competition running was estimated in male runners from the [1a]b values. This estimate was based mainly on the assumption that a 1 mmol ·l−1 increase in [1a]b corresponded to the energy produced by the utilization of 3.30 ml·Okg −1. The energy cost of running was estimated, by dividing the estimated total energy expenditure by the race distance, at 0.211 ml·kg−1·m−1 over 800 m and 0.274 ml·kg−1·m−1 over 400m. These results suggested that [1a]b values obtained after the completion of actual competitions can provide an insight into the anaerobic capacity of athletes and data from which the relative contribution of anaerobic metabolism to performance might be inferred, this being more accurate that any laboratory test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357594
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of running velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 62 (1991), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic velocity ; Track test ; Lactate curve ; Running performances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the different ways of assessing the running velocity at which maximal oxygen uptake $$(\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} )$$ occurs, or maximal aerobic velocity (νa max), 32 well-trained runners (8 female and 24 male) were studied. The νa max and the running velocity corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol · l−1 (ν1a4) were measured during a progressive treadmill session. Within the week preceding or following the treadmill measurement the subjects completed a Université de Montreal Track-Test (UMTT). The velocity corresponding to the last stage of this test (νUMTT) was slightly higher than νa max: 6.08m · s−1, SD 0.41, vs 6.01 m · s−1, SD 0.44 (P 〈 0.03) but these two velocities were strongly correlated (r = 0.92,P 〈 0.001). The heart rate values corresponding to these velocities were similar and well correlated (r = 0.79,P 〈 0.01); the corresponding blood lactate values had similar mean values: 10.5 mmol · l−1, SD 2.7 vs 11.8 mmol · l−1, SD 2.5, but were not correlated. Both νa max and νUMTT correlated well with the best performance sustained over 1500 m during the season. These results suggest that the UMTT provides a value of νa max as accurately as a treadmill measurement and that either could be used to measure the running velocity corresponding to $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} .$$ The ν1a4 was 86.6%, SD 2.6 of νa max; these two velocities correlated strongly. Thus, in well trained runners, ν1a4, when measured with a well-defined procedure, corresponds to a constant fraction of νa max and depends then on $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} $$ and the energy cost of running.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626760
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological correlates of middle-distance running performance (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 65 (1992), S. 561-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Middle-distance running velocity ; Sex ; Body dimensions ; Energy cost of running ; Maximal oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To compare the relative contributions of their functional capacities to performance in relation to sex, two groups of middle-distance runners (24 men and 14 women) were selected on the basis of performances over 1500-m and 3000-m running races. To be selected for the study, the average running velocity ( $$\bar v$$ ) in relation to performances had to be superior to a percentage (90% for men and 88% for women) of the best French $$\bar v$$ achieved during the season by an athlete of the same sex. Maximal O2 consumption ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max) and energy cost of running (CR) were measured in the 2 months preceding the track season. This allowed us to calculate the maximal $$\bar v$$ that could be sustained under aerobic conditions, νa,max. A $$\bar v$$ : νa, max ratio derived from 1500-m to 3000-m races was used to calculate the maximal duration of a competitive race for which $$\bar v$$ = νa,max (t νa,max) In both groups νa,max was correlated to $$\bar v$$ . The relationships calculated for each distance were similar in both sexes. The CR [0.179 (SD 0.010) ml · kg−1 · m−1 in the women versus 0.177 (SD 0.010) in the men] andt νa,max [7.0 (SD 2.0) min versus 8.4 (SD 2.1)] also showed no difference. The relationships between $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max and body mass (m b) calculated in the men and the women were different. At the samem b the women had a 10% lower CR than the men; their lowerm b thus resulted in an identical CR. In both groups CR and $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max were strongly correlated (r=0.74 and 0.75 respectively,P〈0.01), suggesting that a high level of $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max could hardly be associated with a low CR. These relationships were different in the two groups (P〈0.05). At the same $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max the men had a higher νa,inax than the women. Thus, the disparity in track performances between the two sexes could be attributed to $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max and to the $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $$ max/CR relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602366
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated nocturnal blood pressure assessed by ambulatory automatic monitoring during a stay at high altitude (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 70 (1995), S. 258-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Non-invasive ambulatory arterial blood pressure ; High altitude ; Healthy children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to explore, in healthy children, the arterial blood pressure response to a 3-week stay at high altitude (4200 m). An auscultatory automatic ambulatory pressuremeter was used to avoid undue environmental influence on the measurement. The blood pressure was monitored three times in a group of ten boys, aged 10.5 (CI 0.9 years): at sea level (control values), at an altitude of 2100 m after at least 24 h of acclimatization and after at least 24 h at 4200 m altitude. Each period of monitoring extended over 24 h with 10-min intervals between successive measurements. Arterial blood pressure was evaluated separately for the night and day periods. Nocturnal recordings revealed an increase with altitude in systolic as well as in the diastolic blood pressure. Because of the technique used to gather data, this is thought to have represented an independent effect of altitude without interference from the medical environment or diurnal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238573
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