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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crop loss of pepper plants artificially infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in relation to symptom expression
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Crop Protection 4 (1985), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0261-2194
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(85)90007-9
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for the study of the effect of inoculation by azospirillum brasilense Sp-245 on root hair growth
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 1657-1664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90318-2
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nurse Plants, Mycorrhizae, and Plant Establishment in a Disturbed Area of the Sonoran Desert (1999)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi stabilize the soil and enhance plant growth by alleviating nutrient and drought stress. Their contributions to agriculture are well known, but their role in desert ecosystems has received less attention. The AM status of perennial plants in disturbed and undisturbed plots were investigated in the Sonoran Desert near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico to determine if AM fungi contribute to resource-island stability and plant establishment. All perennial plants (46 species) in the study plots were AM, but root colonization varied widely (〈10 to〉 70%). Roots of plants that established in greatest numbers in plant-free zones (colonizers) of disturbed areas were highly AM. Plants with trace (〈10%) root colonization (cacti of the tribe Pachycereae: Pachycereus pringlei, Machaerocereus gummosus, and Lemaireocereus thurberi; and Agave datilyo) established preferentially in association with nurse trees. The pachycereid cacti grew under Prosopis articulata and A. datilyo under Olneya tesota canopies. Of the nine species of trees and arborescent shrubs in the area, the mature (〉20 yr) nurse-legumes P. articulata and O. tesota supported the largest number of under-story plants. Younger plants had only occasional associates. AM propagule densities in plant-free areas were lower than under plant canopies (40 vs. 280 propagules/kg soil). Occurrence of soil mounds (islands) under plants owing to soil deposition was related to the nature of the canopies and to the AM status of the roots. Island soils were enmeshed with AM-fungal hyphae, especially in the upper layer (approximately 10 cm). Seedlings of P. pringlei, growing in a screenhouse for six months in soil collected under P. articulata, had a biomass ten times greater than plants growing in bare-area soil. The results are consistent with the proposition that AM fungi contributed to the plant-soil system of our study area by: (1) helping to stabilize windborne soil that settles under dense plant canopies; (2) enhancing the establishment of colonizer plants in bare soils of disturbed areas; and (3) influencing plant associations through differences in the mycotrophic status of the associates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72027.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term survival of the plant-growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens in dry alginate inoculant (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 262-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two plant-growth-promoting bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Pseudomonas fluorescens 313, immobilized in 1983 in two types of alginate-bead inoculant (with and without skim-milk supplement) and later dried and stored at ambient temperature for 14 years, were recovered in 1996. The population in each type of bead had decreased, yet significant numbers survived (105–106 cfu/g beads). Population numbers depended on the bead type and the three independent bacterial counting methods: the conventional plate-count method, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the limited-enrichment technique. Both bacterial species retained several of their original physiological features. When inoculated onto wheat plants, both species colonized and produced plant-growth effects equal to those of the contemporary strain from a culture collection or to their own 1983 records. This study showed that bacteria can survive in alginate inoculant over long periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051391
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of Azospirillum spp. in soils: a review (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 246-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Azospirillum ; Motility ; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria ; Root exudates ; Soil bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge and the, as yet, unanswered questions on the interactions of Azospirillum spp. in bulk soil (but not in the rhizosphere). It contains sections on the isolation of these bacteria from tropical to temperate soils, and on their short- and long-term persistence in bulk soil. The interactions of these bacteria with soil particles and minerals such as clay, sand and Ca, and the effect of soil pH, soil redox potential, and the cation exchange capacity of the soil on them is demonstrated. Data is presented on the distribution of Azospirillum spp. in soils, on their production of fibrillar material essential for anchoring the cells to soil particles, on the effects of soil irrigation, and of external soil treatments, and on the effect of soil C and C used in bacterial inoculants on the cells. It shows that root exudates possibly govern bacterial motility in the soil. Finally, the effect of pesticide applications, the relationships with other soil microorganisms such as Bdelovibrio spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., and phages, and the potential use of a community-control model of Azospirillum spp. in soil and in the rhizosphere is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050549
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azospirillum spp. participation in dry matter partitioning in grasses at the whole plant level (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum spp. ; Crop plants ; Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; Plant inoculation ; Rhizosphere ; Shoot-to-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, particularly those from the genus Azospirillum spp., may affect root functions such as growth and nutrient/water uptake, which in turn may affect shoot growth. Calculations based on data from literature on shoot and root mass of crop grasses (79 plant/bacteria associations were analyzed) revealed that inoculation with Azospirillum spp. increased the shoot-to-root (S/R) ratio in about half of reported cases and decreased the S/R ratio in the other half. In 11 of 35 cases, the S/R ratio increased when the shoot mass increased more than the root mass. In 23 of 35 cases, the root mass did not increase, yet the S/R ratio still increased. Thus, the increase in the S/R ratio indicated that shoot growth responds to inoculation more than root growth. A decrease in the S/R ratio occurred when (a) root growth dominated shoot growth even though both increased (16 of 36 cases), or (b) root growth either increased or remained unchanged, and shoot growth was either unaffected or even decreased (19 of 36 cases). This analysis suggests that: (a) Azospirillum spp. participates in the partitioning of dry matter (both carbon compounds and minerals) at the whole plant level by affecting root functions, and (b) the bacteria affect crop grass through multiple mechanisms operating during plant development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335919
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter-root movement of Azospirillum brasilense and subsequent root colonization of crop and weed seedlings growing in soil (1995)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 29 (1995), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inter-root movement and dispersion of the beneficial bacterium Azospirillum brasilense were monitored in root systems of wheat seedlings growing in the field and in growth chamber soil trays. Two strains were used, a motile wild-type strain (Cd, mot+) and a motility deficient strain (mot−), which was derived from the Cd strain. Root colonization by two wild-type strains (Cd and Sp-245) was studied in 64 plant species growing in pots in the greenhouse. The two wild-type strains of A. brasilense were capable of colonizing all tested plant species. In soil trays and in the field, mot+ cells moved from inoculated roots to non-inoculated roots of either wheat plants or weeds growing in the same field plot, but the mot− strain did not move toward non-inoculated roots of either plant species. In the field, both mot+ and mot− strains of A. brasilense survived well in the rhizosphere of wheat for 30 days, but only mot+ moved between different weeds, regardless of the species, botanical family, or whether they were annuals or perennials. In plant-free, water-saturated soils, either in columns or in the field, both strains remained at the inoculation site and did not move. It is proposed (a) that A. brasilense is not a plant-specific bacterium and that (b) colonization of the entire root system in soil is an active process determined by bacterial motility; it is not plant specific, but depends on the presence of plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164890
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth promotion of the seawater-irrigated oilseed halophyte Salicornia bigelovii inoculated with mangrove rhizosphere bacteria and halotolerant Azospirillum spp. (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Azospirillum ; Oilseed halophytes ; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria ; Salicornia ; Seawater-irrigated agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Inoculation of the oilseed halophyte Salicornia bigelovii Torr. with eight species of halotolerant bacteria, grown in seawater-irrigated pots under environmental conditions native to the plant's habitat, resulted in significant plant growth promotion by the end of the growing season, 8–11 months later. Statistical analysis demonstrated that inoculation with Azospirillum halopraeferens, a mixture of two Azospirillum brasilense strains, a mixture of Vibrio aestuarianus and Vibrio proteolyticus, or a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis and Phyllobacterium sp. significantly increased plant height and dry weight at the end of the season. Some of the bacterial strains also increased the number of side branches and the size of the spikes. The bacteria did not affect the number of seeds or their weight. Inoculation with the mangrove cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes had no effect on plant foliage variables. At the end of the growing season, the N and protein content of the plant foliage was significantly reduced by bacterial inoculation; however, the N and protein content of seeds significantly increased. The P content in foliage increased significantly in plants treated with all the bacteria except M. chthonoplastes, whereas the total lipid content of foliage increased significantly only when plants were inoculated with a mixture of A. brasilense strains or with M. chthonoplastes. In three inoculation treatments palmitic acid in seeds significantly increased and linoleic acid significantly decreased. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using bacteria to promote the growth of halotolerant plants cultivated for forage and seed production in proposed seawater-irrigated agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000246
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azospirillum spp. participation in dry matter partitioning in grasses at the whole plant level (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAzospirillum spp. ; Crop plants ; Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; Plant inoculation ; Rhizosphere ; Shoot-to-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, particularly those from the genus Azospirillum spp., may affect root functions such as growth and nutrient/water uptake, which in turn may affect shoot growth. Calculations based on data from literature on shoot and root mass of crop grasses (79 plant/bacteria associations were analyzed) revealed that inoculation with Azospirillum spp. increased the shoot-to-root (S/R) ratio in about half of reported cases and decreased the S/R ratio in the other half. In 11 of 35 cases, the S/R ratio increased when the shoot mass increased more than the root mass. In 23 of 35 cases, the root mass did not increase, yet the S/R ratio still increased. Thus, the increase in the S/R ratio indicated that shoot growth responds to inoculation more than root growth. A decrease in the S/R ratio occurred when (a) root growth dominated shoot growth even though both increased (16 of 36 cases), or (b) root growth either increased or remained unchanged, and shoot growth was either unaffected or even decreased (19 of 36 cases). This analysis suggests that: (a) Azospirillum spp. participates in the partitioning of dry matter (both carbon compounds and minerals) at the whole plant level by affecting root functions, and (b) the bacteria affect crop grass through multiple mechanisms operating during plant development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335919
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of calcium carbonate, sand, and organic matter levels on mortality of five species of Azospirillum in natural and artificial bulk soils (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 450-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Azospirillum ; Bacterial mortality ; Plant-growth-promoting bacteria ; Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; Bacterial survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Five bacterial strains, one from each of the five known species of the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) Azospirillum (A. brasilense, A. lipoferum, A. amazonense, A. halopraeference, and A. irakense) were inoculated into two natural, semiarid soils (terra rosa and loessial sandy) from Israel, and two artificial soils constructed to simulate the native soils. Within 60 days, the populations of all five Azospirillum species declined significantly in a linear fashion, in both the native soils and in the homologous artificial soils. Increased levels of CaCO3, and fine and rough sand, had significant detrimental effects on the survival of the five Azospirillum species, whereas increased organic matter content improved survival. In contrast, when the bacterial strains were incubated in the rhizosphere of tomato seedlings grown in the artificial soils, manipulation of these soil variables had only a marginal effect on bacterial survival; all Azospirillum species survived well in the tomato rhizosphere under conditions that are otherwise detrimental. This study indicates that most cells of the strains of five known species of Azospirillum died out linearly over time in two semiarid soils, and that only the major soil components affected Azospirillum survival in soil. Because mortality was similar in native soils and in artificial homologous soils, artificial soils can be used to study the soil behavior of Azospirillum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050023
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