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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Collagen • Integrins • Osteoblast • Xenogenic bone • Bone substitute • Biomaterials ; Schlüsselwörter Kollagen • Integrine • Osteoblasten • Xenogener Knochen • Knochenersatz • Biomaterialien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Xenogene Biomaterialien des Knochens werden als Alternative zu Auto- oder Allotransplantaten bei menschlichen Knochenrekonstruktionen oder in Ergänzung zur prothetischen Chirurgie vorgeschlagen. Bei angemessenen Behandlungen können immunologische, entzündliche, bakteriologische oder virologische Nebenwirkungen vermieden werden. Jedoch können diese Therapien mit Typ-I-Kollagen, der Hauptkomponente der organischen Knochenmatrix, interferieren. Typ-I-Kollagen bindet Osteoblasten über spezifische Zelloberflächenrezeptoren, die Integrine. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 2 unterschiedliche Biomaterialien aus Rinderknochen untersucht. Sie entfalten eine ähnliche architektonische Organisation mit verbundenen Lamellen und Stäbchen sowie eine ähnliche Oberflächentopographie und Rauheit. Sie unterscheiden sich durch Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Typ-I-Kollagen. Das erste Biomaterial wurde durch den Erhalt einer Typ-I-Kollagenmatrix mit spindelartigen Hydroxyapatitkristallen charakterisiert. Das zweite Biomaterial war ausschließlich durch hitzemodifizierte Apatitkristalle gekennzeichnet. Nach Kultivierung auf „osteoblast-like cells“ (Saos-2) wurden beide Biomaterialien mittels Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) nach 7 und 14 Tagen untersucht. Beide Biomaterialien wiesen eine gute Zellkompatibilität auf: 1. Auf der Oberfläche des kollagenhaltigen Biomaterials waren die Zellen in der Form elongiert und entlang der trabekulären Architektur und dem oberflächlichen Kollagennetzwerk ausgerichtet. Nach 14 Tagen flossen die Zellen zusammen, die Oberfläche des Biomaterials war durch eine Zellage bedeckt. In enger Nachbarschaft mit den oberflächlichen Kollagenfasern des Biomaterials und der äußeren Zelloberfläche wurde in der TEM die β1-Integrin-Untereinheit dargestellt. In Anwesenheit von anti-β1-Integrin verlor sich, nach Kultivierung, die zelluläre Orientierung. 2. Auf der Oberfläche des entproteinisierten Biomaterials zeigten sich die Zellen globulär ohne spezifische Ausrichtung und teilweise der Oberfläche anhaftend. Nach 14 Tagen Kultur blieben viele Teile der Biomaterialoberfläche unbedeckt. Mit Goldpartikeln konjugierte anti-β1-Untereinheiten wurden um die Zellen herum gefunden, jedoch zeigte sich keine spezifische Verbindung mit dem entproteinisierten Biomaterial. Diese Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, daß das Vorhandensein von Typ-I-Kollagenfasern im knöchernen Biomaterial eine Bedeutung in der zellulären Adhäsion, der Verbreitung und der Orientierung in der Interaktion zwischen Typ-I-Kollagen und der β1-Integrin-Untereinheit der Osteoblasten hat.
    Notes: Summary Xenogenic bone biomaterials have been proposed as an alternative to autografts or allografts in human bone restoring or in complement of prosthetic surgery. When appropriate treatments were applied, immunological, inflammatory, bacteriological or virological adverse responses can be prevented. However, these treatments may interact with type I collagen, the major component of the organic bone matrix. Type I collagen can bind osteoblasts via specific cell surface receptors, the integrins. In this work, two different xenogenic biomaterials were studied. Both biomaterials have a bovine bone origin. They displayed similar architectural organization with connected plates and rods and similar surface topography and roughness. They differed by the presence or not of collagen type I. The first one was characterized by preservation of the type I collagen matrix associated with spindle-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals and the second was solely composed by heat-modified apatite crystals. Osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were cultured on both biomaterials and examined in scanning and transmission electron microscopy after 7 and 14 days. Both biomaterials were cytocompatible as demonstrated by good ultrastructural cell preservation. (1) At the surface of the collagen containing biomaterial, cells were elongated in shape and oriented according to the trabecular architecture and to the superficial collagen network. After 14 days of culture, cells were confluent and the biomaterial surface was hidden by the cell sheet. The β1 integrin subunit was detected by immunogold in transmission electron microscopy in close relationship with the superficial collagen fibres of the biomaterial and with the outer cell surface. When cultures were carried out in presence of anti β1 integrin subunit, cells were packed and piled up with lack of specific orientation. (2) At the surface of the deproteinized biomaterial, cells were globular without specific disposition and often partially attached to the surface. After 14 days of culture, large areas of the biomaterial surface remained uncovered. Anti β1 subunits conjugated with gold particles were detected around the cells but with no specific association with the deproteinized biomaterial. These results strongly suggest that presence of type I collagen fibres in the matrix of a bone biomaterial is of major interest to determine cell attachment, spreading and orientation via interaction between type I collagen and β1 integrin subunit of osteoblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Fracture ; Haemochromatosis ; Hypogonadism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The association of haemochromatosis and bone disease is well established, but osteoporotic fracture is an unusual presentation of the disease. We describe a male patient with osteoporotic fractures as a presenting feature of haemochromatosis. The bone histomorphometry showed a dramatic decrease in trabecular bone volume associated with a decrease in cortical bone thickness. Osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities were reduced without any sign of osteomalacia. Staining for iron with Perl's stain showed focal localization at the interface between mineralized trabecular bone and bone marrow. This observation leads us to review the possible mechanisms of osteoporosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Key words:Bone mineral density – Hip – Men – Osteopenia – Osteoporosis – Vertebral fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: In women, many studies indicate that the risk of vertebral fragility fractures increases as bone mineral density (BMD) declines. In contrast, few studies are available for BMD and vertebral fractures in men. It is uncertain that the strength of the relationship between BMD and fractures is similar in magnitude in middle-aged men and in postmenopausal women. In the present study, 200 men (mean age 54.7 years) with lumbar osteopenia (T-score 〈−1.5) were recruited to examine the relationships between spine BMD and hip BMD and the associations of BMD with vertebral fractures. Lumbar BMD was assessed from L2 to L4, in the anteroposterior view, using dual-energy X-ray densitometry. At the upper left femur, hip BMD was measured at five regions of interest: femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, Ward’s triangle and total hip. Spinal radiographs were analyzed independently by two trained investigators and vertebral fracture was defined as a reduction of at least 20% in the anterior, middle or posterior vertebral height. Spinal radiographs evidenced at least one vertebral crush fracture in 119 patients (59.5%). The results of logistic regression showed that age, femoral and spine BMDs were significant predictors of the presence of a vertebral fracture. Odds ratios for a decrease of 1 standard deviation ranged from 1.8 (1.3–2.8) for spine BMD to 2.3 (1.5–3.6) for total hip BMD. For multiple fractures odds ratios ranged from 1.7 (1.1–2.5) for spine BMD to 2.6 (1.7–4.3) for total hip BMD. In all models, odds ratios were higher for hip BMD than for spine BMD, particularly in younger men, under 50 years. A T-score 〈−2.5 in the femur (total femoral site) was associated with a 2.7-fold increase in the risk of vertebral fracture while a T-score 〈−2.5 in the spine was associated with only a 2-fold increase in risk. This study confirms the strong association of age and BMD with vertebral fractures in middle-aged men, shows that the femoral area is the best site of BMD measurement and suggests that a low femoral BMD could be considered as an index of severity in young men with lumbar osteopenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Osteoblast — Titanium — Fibronectin — Vitronectin — Roughness — Integrins.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The influence of surface roughness and the presence of adhesion molecules in the culture medium were studied regarding cell adhesion, shape, and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells grown on two types of titanium disk. Type I disks were acid etched and type II disks were sandblasted and acid etched. Surface roughness was determined by contact profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical composition and oxide thickness of the superficial titanium layer were established with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and auger electron spectroscopy. Titanium release in the culture medium was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were cultured on both types of titanium disks (1) in standard conditions (DMEM culture medium supplemented with fetal calf serum), (FCS), (2) with the culture medium alone (DMEM alone), (3) in the presence of fibronectin or vitronectin (DMEM supplemented with fibronectin or vitronectin). Cultures were also performed in the presence of monoclonal anti-integrin (β1, αv) to test the cell adhesion molecules involved in the cell binding to the titanium surface. We found that sandblasting does not modify the chemical surface composition and that titanium represents only 5–6% (in the atom percentage) of surface elements. Release of titanium in the culture medium was found to increase from 24 to 72 hours. In the absence of FCS, fibronectin, or vitronectin, cells appeared scanty and packed in clusters. On the contrary, cells cultured in the presence of FCS, fibronectin, or vitronectin were flattened with large and thin cytoplasmic expansions. The addition of anti β1 or αv integrin subunit monoclonal antibody in the culture medium decreased adhesion and spreading of cells, particularly in the presence of fibronectin. Cell proliferation was significantly higher on culture plastic than on both types of disks, but was increased on rough but not on smooth surfaces. These results indicate that a high surface roughness and presence of fibronectin or vitronectin are critical elements for adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of cells on titanium surfaces.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 113 (1987), S. 392-399 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Paget's disease of bone ; Osteosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors report 12 cases (8 men and 4 women) of sarcomatous degeneration in Paget's bone disease, with an average age of 72.3 years. Sarcomatous degeneration occurred often in polyostotic Paget's disease, and osteitis deformans was seen in 4 cases. Femur and pelvis were the most affected bones. Pain was a constant feature, whereas tumefaction and fracture were less common. Osteolytic lesions were more frequent than condensed or mixed lesions and radiological signs of malignancy were usually found. Seven cases were histologically clasiified as osteogenic sarcoma and 3 cases as fibrosarcoma. Electron microscopy was performed on 2 osteogenic sarcomas and in 1 case revealed microcylindrical inclusion in Pagetic osteoclasts and in multinucleated giant tumor cells, but none in mononucleated tumor cells. The average survival time for the patients in this study was only 4.5 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 4 (1993), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two hydroxyapatite ceramics, synthesized by sintering from bovine bone and from a mixture of phosphate tricalcium and natural hydroxyapatite, were implanted in bone sites in rabbits. From day 7 after implantation, osteoblast-like cells were visible with thin layers of new bone on both biomaterials. Histomorphometry showed progressive increase in volume and surface of newly formed bone. Signs of cell-dependent resorption were visible at the surface of biomaterials and newly formed bone. There was a progressive decrease in relative volume and trabecular thickness of the biomaterials. Resorption of biomaterials appears to involve two cell types: multinucleated giant cells and osteoclast-like cells. The multinucleated giant cells observed had neither tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRAP) nor a ruffled border. Vesicles and vacuoles containing crystals observed in these cells suggest phagocytosis of biomaterials. The number of these cells decreased after day 14 following implantation. The osteoclast-like cells were TRAP positive. The structured modification and the TRAP activity demonstrated in the subjacent biomaterial suggest that the dissolution of the implant may be associated to an extracellular enzymatic activity of these cells. Electron microscopy revealed a clear zone and cytoplasmic membrane infolding in these cells, suggesting a ruffled border differentiation. The number of these cells increased with delay after implantation. It was concluded that the implantation of calcium phosphate ceramics in bone leads to new bone formation as well as to resorption of the biomaterials. The mechanism of resorption appears to associate crystal endocytosis by multinucleated giant cells and more classical resorption by osteoclast-like cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Immobilization Hypercalcaemia ; Bisphosphaonates ; AHPrBP ; Bone Histomorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a case of severe hypercalcaemia in a 16-year-old patient, 24 weeks after immobilization for quadriplegia. The biochemical and histomorphometric parameters showed increased osteoclastic resorption and decreased osteoblastic formation. Hydration, chair sitting, salmon and porcine clacitonin, sodium etidronate were unable to normalize the hypercalcaemia. The new antiosteoclastic agent, 3-amino-1 hydroxypropylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (AHPrBP), was effective in normalizing serum calcium and biochemical parameters of osteoclastic activity within five days. Bone histomorphometry showed a marked reduction in osteoclastic activity after AHPrBP treatment, as well as a drastic depression of osteoblastic activity, presumably due to the reduction of bone turnover. This case represents to our knowledge, the first successful use of AHPrBP in the treatment of immobilization hypercalcaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 13 (1994), S. 581-585 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Bone Histomorphometry ; Sex Difference ; Ageing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative bone histomorphometry was done on undecalcified sections of iliac crest bone specimens obtained at autopsy from 50 normal subjects (24 males and 26 females). The following parameters were measured: cortical thickness (Ct.Th), trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), osteoid volume (OV/BV), osteoid surfaces (OS/BS), osteoid thickness (O.Th) and eroded surfaces (ES/BS). There was a significant age-related decrease in BV/TV in both sexes which followed a x3 polynomial regression. A significant decrease of Tb.Th was noted in males after the fifth decade. In males, bone loss was 1.5% per decade, but in females it was 0.36% before menopausal period and 2% after. Other parameters were unrelated to age and sex.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone ; Pseudo-Hypoparathyroidism ; Calcitriol ; Osteitis Fibrosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism with osteitis fibrosa was made in a 51-year-old woman on the basis of hypocalcaemia, elevated plasma PTH (1–84) and blunted cAMP response to hPTH infusion. Radiologically, widespread signs of hyperparathyroidism were observed and quantitative histomorphometry confirmed the increased bone cellular turnover. Treatment with calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) induced a dramatic improvement of bone lesions. During treatment PTH (1–84) normalized with high dosage of calcitriol in spite of low or subnormal levels of serum calcium, and subsequently increased for each reduction of calcitriol dosage despite normal calcium levels. Our observations support a major and direct effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the regulation of parathyroid secretion of parathyroids glands.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 30 (1996), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Wear particles released from hip or knee prostheses are known to be involved in the fibrohistiocytic membrane interposed between bone and implant. During surgical treatment for pelvic carcinoma (5 cases) and for isolated pseudomalignant lymphadenopathy (4 cases) lymph nodes in 9 patients who had had lower limb articular replacement were harvested. Light microscopy and image analysis of the nodes showed florid endosinusal histiocytosis, predominant in the cortical area. Using Oil Red O staining and polarized light, metal particles and polyethylene particles were detected in the large histiocytes. Scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattering allowed us to localize metal particles and perform elemental microanalysis. Iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, zirconium, and barium, known to be used in prosthetic and cementing materials, were identified as component of these particles. Large amounts of polyethylene particles appeared in all cases while metal particles were found to be abundant in only 2 cases. Thus, migration of polyethylene debris from the prosthetic site seems to be the major factor in development of the histiocytes induced in satellite lymph nodes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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