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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rotating bucket of sand: Experiment and theory (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Chaos 9 (1999), S. 631-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7682
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The surface shape of a bucket of sand rotating about its cylindrical axis is studied experimentally and theoretically. Focusing on fast time scales on which surface shape is determined by avalanches, we identify three regimes of behavior. At intermediate and high frequencies, the surface shape is always at its critical shape determined by the Coulomb yield condition. The low frequency behavior displays an unexpected subcritical region at the center of the bucket. To understand this central region, we adapt a continuum model of surface flow developed by Bouchaud et al. and Mehta et al. The model indicates that the subcritical region is due to a nonlinear instability mechanism. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.166436
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of fluorescence-based temperature sensor schemes: Theoretical analysis and experimental validation (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4649-4654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The performance of the two most promising fluorescence-based temperature sensing techniques, namely the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) and fluorescence lifetime (FL) schemes, have been compared. Theoretical calibration graphs for the two methods illustrate the useful monotonic change of the response with temperature variation. Comparison of the responses and the sensitivities of the two schemes show that at very low temperatures the FIR method exhibits a significant variation with temperature, while the response of the FL method becomes constant with its sensitivity approaching zero. With increasing temperature, the FIR and the FL methods (with short relaxation times and shorter intrinsic lifetimes of the upper energy levels) share a similar sensitivity over a wide temperature range. The presence of a long relaxation time or a longer intrinsic lifetime of the upper level in the use of the FL method gives a less satisfactory response. Experimental data obtained for a range of dopant ions in various host materials are found to be consistent with the theoretical expectation, with each material having a specific energy gap difference. The sensitivities of each material are compared graphically which would allow the most appropriate sensor for an intended application to be selected. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368705
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous strain–temperature measurement using fluorescence from Yb-doped silica fiber (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 2267-2269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The effect of strain upon both the fluorescence intensity ratio and the fluorescence decay-time–temperature-sensing techniques has been studied using Yb-doped fiber. The measured variation with strain of the former method is consistent with no strain sensitivity, while the latter method demonstrates a linear dependence on strain. A single optical sensor element using both these fluorescence techniques thereby offers an attractive way of providing temperature compensation in a simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring system. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150439
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of dopant concentration effects in praseodymium-based fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensors (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 100-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An analysis of concentration effects in praseodymium-doped glasses used as the sensor element of several fiber optic temperature sensors has been performed. Results show the dependence of a range of relevant parameters on concentration, and the determination of concentration-independent parameters used in the design of effective probe sensor elements with both doped and co-doped rare earth materials. Low concentrations of Pr3+, commensurate with an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in the optical system, are preferable for the design of the most effective optical fiber fluorescence sensors based upon this species. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150168
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locking the cavity of a pulsed periodically poled lithium niobate optical parametric oscillator to the wavelength of a continuous-wave injection seeder by an "intensity-dip" method (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3203-3213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Injection seeding by a single-mode continuous-wave (cw) laser provides a convenient way to achieve narrowband tunable operation of a laser with a broad spectral gain profile, or of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Continuous single-mode tunability of the laser or OPO output usually requires the length of the optical cavity to be controlled as the injection-seeding wavelength is scanned. We report a novel variant on established methods of locking the optical cavity length to the seed wavelength. Our approach takes advantage of the resonance properties of an optical cavity. When the cavity is in resonance with the cw seed radiation, the total intensity of that radiation reflected off the cavity displays a pronounced dip; this intensity dip can be used as a locking signal to reset the cavity length piezoelectrically during each interval between the pump pulses that excite the laser or OPO. Our active cavity-locking scheme is realized in the case of a ring-cavity OPO, incorporating periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), pumped at 1.064 μm by a single-mode pulsed Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser and injection-seeded at its signal wavelength by a 1.55 μm single-mode tunable diode laser. The coherent infrared output of this injection-seeded PPLN OPO is shown to be continuously tunable, with an optical bandwidth of ∼130 MHz (0.0045 cm−1) and excellent spatial beam quality. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149895
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nd3+-doped optical fiber temperature sensor using the fluorescence intensity ratio technique (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4279-4282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An optical fiber temperature sensor employing the fluorescence intensity ratio using Nd3+-doped silica fiber and exhibiting high sensitivity is presented. The development and construction of the sensor, which requires relatively simple electronics and data analysis, is described together with its calibration over the −50 to +500 °C temperature range. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150067
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of strain on temperature measurements using the fluorescence intensity ratio technique (with Nd3+- and Yb3+-doped silica fibers) (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 3180-3185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The effect of strain upon the fluorescence intensity ratio technique of optical fiber based temperature sensing has been investigated using a series of different Yb3+- and Nd3+-doped optical fibers. Measurements were conducted with each of the doped fibers for temperatures between approximately 10 and 140 °C and for strain values between 50 and 2100 μcursive-epsilon. Results suggest that the strain-temperature cross sensitivity for the fluorescence intensity ratio method is minimal, with an applied strain of 1000 μcursive-epsilon inducing temperature errors of less than 0.4 °C. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1387250
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics Gaussian statistics in granular gases (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 425 (2003), S. 680-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A kinetic theory of granular media, analogous to that described by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics for molecular gases and liquids, has long been sought in the quest for a continuum theory. Here we present results from a two-layer, vertically vibrated granular system, in which an oscillating ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425680a
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  • 9
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    Ogai Mori, Shansho Dayu, trs. by Tsutomu Fukuda. Edited by Paul H. Clyde and Donald Shively (Book Review) (1954)
    Ann Arbor, Mich., etc., : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Asian Studies. 14:1 (1954:Nov.) 126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9118
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:1113-1954-014-01-000036
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