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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The April 1906 eruption of Vesuvius is the type-example of the “final eruptions” that close the short cycles of semi-persistent activity that characterized the volcano in the 1631–1944 period. The eruption had a marked explosive character that accompanied the emission of lava from several vents on the southern slopes of the volcano. The observed sequence of events was characterized by repeated fluctuations of the magma level within the conduit, by large lava fountains, by conduit partial collapses, and by the final explosive decapitation of the summit cone. Contemporary chronicles, although frequently contradictory, allow reconstruction of the eruption, which can be divided into four main phases: (1) lateral lava effusions; (2) lava fountains; (3) gas-pyroclasts column; (4) low dense clouds. Pyroclastic deposits of the Monte Somma ridge and northeastern slope can be related to observed and described events and mainly refer to the 2nd and 3rd phases. The increase in the degree of fragmentation of the juvenile component together with the marked increase of the lithic component and morphologic evidence emphasize the repeated occurrence of magmawater interaction. This was most spectacular in the 3rd phase of the eruption in which, after the decapitation of the cone, a high gas-pyroclasts eruption column was formed. Because of the nature of the lithic fragments (mainly hydrothermally altered and metasomatic rocks), the huge amount of steam, and the high lithic/juvenile ratio, it is unlikely that the largest part of the energy in play was related to the contact between magma and cold phreatic water. We suggest that most of the steam involved in this phase of the eruption came from flashing of the hydrothermal system connected to the very shallow feeding system of the volcano and formed as a consequence of repeated subsurface intrusions between 1872 and 1906. Juvenile products were ejected through the eruption, and represent (at least) two different magma bodies: the first (“older”) was erupted during the initial phase of the eruption and was exhausted at the beginning of the lava fountains phase, when fresh magma was involved in the eruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 62 (2000), S. 294-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Stromboli Persistent strombolian activity Tephrostratigraphy 14C datings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. Stromboli, known worldwide as the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean", is commonly believed to have been in a state of persistent activity for the past 2000–2500 years. However, historical sources older than 1000 A.D. are not accurate enough to assess if the activity of the volcano was exactly the same as we see at present. In order to attempt to identify the onset of the present eruptive regime, and assess if it has been maintained with the same characteristics through time, stratigraphic and radiometric studies of the recent tephra deposits were undertaken. Up to 4-m-deep stratigraphic trenches, dug at a height of approximately 500 m on the NE flank of the volcano, exposed a conformable tephra pile containing charcoal fragments. One of the most interesting finds was the discovery of a 7-cm-thick weathered bed rich in organic matter (thin palaeosol) approximately 3 m below the surface. The sequence underneath the palaeosol consists of decimetre-thick lapilli fallout beds alternating with ash deposits bearing small charcoals with calibrated ages of between the fourth century B.C. and the first century A.D. The sequence above the palaeosol is charcoal free and consists of coarse-ash deposits with discrete, centimetre-thick lapilli fallout beds composed of crystal-poor golden pumice and subordinate crystal-rich black scoriae similar to scoria/pumice pairs emitted during the more energetic explosions of the present-day activity. The data collected indicate that between the third and seventh centuries A.D., after a period of quiescence, the activity resumed with an eruptive style identical to the present one. We conclude that the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" actually began its activity in a period much later than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 135 (1999), S. 179-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Products of the Pomici di Base plinian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius consist of pumice and scoria fall deposits overlain by lithic-rich phreatomagmatic deposits. The plinian fall, which represents most of the magma volume involved in the eruption, ranges in composition from trachyte (SiO2 = 62.5 wt%) to latite (SiO2 ≈ 58 wt%) in the lower one-third of the deposit, whereas the upper two-thirds of the total thickness consists of latitic scoriae with fairly uniform composition (SiO2 ≈ 55–56 wt%). All the products have very low content of phenocrysts (from 4 wt% in trachyte pumice to 1 wt% in the latite scoriae), most of which are not in equilibrium with the host rock. Minerals not in equilibrium, both in trachytic and latitic rocks, consist of discrete crystals of sanidine and plagioclase wetted by trachytic glass and felsic aggregates with interstital trachytic glass. Trends of major and trace elements are consistent with crystal-liquid fractionation processes and rule out syn-eruptive mixing processes between latitic and trachytic magmas. We suggest that discrete crystals and crystal aggregates not in equilibrium with the host rock represent fragments of the crystallising boundary layer at the upper walls of the magma chamber, which were wrenched and admixed into the magma during the ascent. This process diversifies the mineral assemblage and increases the crystal content of the rocks. We propose that diffusive crystallization processes operating at the wall of the chamber allowed the formation of a two-fold layered reservoir with a more mafic, homogeneous lower body and a more evolved, compositionally graded upper body. Around one-quarter of crystals adhering to the upper part of the magma chamber were admixed into the magma during the eruption. The absence of significant syn-eruptive mixing processes and the major role played by diffusive crystallization are consistent with a low aspect ratio magma chamber (width/height 〈1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine chemische und mineralogische Untersuchung der magmatischen Einschlüsse in den sauren Gesteinen des Tolfa-Ceriti-Manziana Sektors (Toskanische Provinz, Zentralitalien) zeigt, daß sie nach dem Grad der Alkalinitdt unterteilt werden können. Wir unterscheiden TCM latite (TCML) mit einer Alkali-Kalium Affinität; Ceriti Latite (CL) mit einer kalkalkalischen Affinität und Manziana Shoshonite und Latite (MS-ML) mit einer Affinität die zwischen alkalisch und subalkalisch liegt. Die Letztgenannten sind Mischgesteine, die durch die Mischung zweier Magmen mit verschiedenen geochemischen Affinitäten entstanden sind. Diese Magmen, die genetisch nicht mit den Wirtsgesteinen in Beziehung stehen, dürften Schmelzen repräsentieren, die auf teilweise Aufschmelzung eines heterogenen Mantels, der durch eine krustale Quelle metasomatisiert wurde, zurückgehen. Die am meisten alkalischen Magmen (TCML) sind mit dem höchsten Grad der Metasomatose assoziiert, der wiederum, wenn noch stärker entwickelt, zur Entstehung der kalireichen Magmen der römischen Provinz führen könnte.
    Notes: Summary A chemical and mineralogical study of magmatic inclusions in the silica-rich rocks of the Tolfa-Ceriti-Manziana sector (Tuscan Province, Central Italy) shows that they can be grouped according to their degree of alkalinity. We distinguish: TCM latites (TCML) with an alkaline-potassic affinity; Ceriti latites (CL) with calc-alkaline affinity; and Manziana shoshonites and latites (MS-ML) with an affinity intermediate between alkaline and subalkaline. The latter are hybrid rocks originating from the mixing of two magmas with slightly different geochemical affinities. These magmas may represent liquids derived by partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle, metasomatized by a crustal source. The most alkaline magmas (TCML) are associated with the largest degree of metasomatism which, if more pronounced, could lead to the production of the potassic magmas of the Roman Province.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 51 (1850), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 53 (1851), S. 510-510 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 86 (1862), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 85 (1853), S. 268-288 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 85 (1853), S. 179-196 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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