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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Biological life support ; Ceratophyllum (morphology ; physiology) ; Ecosystem (closed aquatic) ; Nitrate uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (CEBAS) consists of four subcomponents which form a closed (artificial) aquatic ecosystem initially designed to study the long-term influence of space conditions on several successive generations of aquatic organisms. Teleost fishes and water snails in the zoological component produce CO2, ammonium ions and waste compounds which can be utilized after ammonium is oxidised in a microbial component by the botanical component consisting of a rootless, aquatic higher plant species which eliminates ions, i.e. nitrate, and produces oxygen for animal respiration. An electronic component serves as a data-acquisition and regulation device for temperature and oxygen-dependent illumination of the plant chamber. A comprehensive interdisciplinary research programme, focused around the CEBAS, is especially well developed in the field of zoology. It covers a ground laboratory and preparations for two scheduled spaceflight projects, as well as aspects of combined animal-plant food production modules for human nutrition in bioregenerative space life-support systems and for terrestrial production sites. In the botanical research programme, morphological investigations on Ceratophyllum demersum L. performed with light and electron microscopy have demonstrated a gas lacuna system which, in addition to starch grains in the plastids, might regulate the buoyancy of the plant and/or serve as a `gas skeleton'. Also, a remarkable symmetry in the arrangement of tissues was observed in stems and older leaves. The photosynthetic capacities of Ceratophyllum in the CEBAS-MINI MODULE proved to be more than sufficient for life support, and experiments on nitrate uptake into the plants showed their capacity to utilize ions from the water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 60 (1968), S. 79-81 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In half-grown immaturePterophyllum scalare it is possible to induce expansion of melanophores and the spawning reflex response by injections of 0.0005 mg reserpine per g body-weight. The first effect occurs 1 to 3 hours after injection, the second 6 to 8 hours later. Spawning response is shown in typical manner but there is no protrusion of the genital papilla or ejaculation of sperms. The number of spawning reflexes observed per animal is between 2 and 10 within 60 to 90 minutes. Further injections of reserpine are without any effect. There is some evidence that reserpine is stimulating the release of hormones of the anterior (MSH — expansion of melanophores) and of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of which Ichthyotocin may be responsible for the initiation of the spawning reflex response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 61 (1968), S. 21-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Frage untersucht, ob bei der Hemmung des durch Schlaf-Prolaktin-Injektionen induzierten Brutpflegefächelns des Buntbarsches Pterophyllum scalare, die durch die Gabe hoher Dosen dieses Hormones auftritt, eine Immunreaktion beteiligt ist. 1. Bei Durchführung von Fächelexperimenten bei einer Temperatur von 21°C, die nahe der unteren Toleranzgrenze für Pterophyllum (Optimaltemperatur 28°C) liegt, tritt keine Hemmung auf. Da bekannt ist, daß die Immunantwort bei Fischen bei niedriger Temperatur stark verzögert eintritt, wird dies als erster Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer Antigen-Antikörperreaktion gewertet (Abb. 1). 2. Erhält Pterophyllum gleichzeitig mit einer wirksamen Prolaktindosis Serum von Fischen der gleichen Art, die vorher mit diesem Hormon behandelt waren und bei denen die Hemmung schon eingesetzt hatte, wird die Fächelintensität stark unterdrückt (Abb. 2). 3. In diesem Serum lassen sich durch die Methode der passiven Hämagglutination mit tanninsensibilisierten Schaferythrocyten eindeutig spezifische Antikörper gegen Schaf-Prolaktin nachweisen. 4. Eine weitere Reaktion von Pterophyllum auf LtH-Injektionen, eine starke Vermehrung der Schleimzellen in der Epidermis, wird durch die Behandlung mit Fisch-„Anti-Prolaktin-Serum“ nicht beeinflußt. Bei 21°C liegt die Vermehrungs-rate etwa um 50% niedriger als bei 28° C, doch ist dies mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit auf die allgemein gebremste Stoffwechselaktivität bei dieser Temperatur zurückzuführen (Abb. 1, 2). Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß eine Immunreaktion die Hemmung des Brutpflegefächelns im Hormonexperiment bewirkt. Dies läßt jedoch keine Schlüsse auf die Regulation des Aussetzens des Fächelns bei der spontanen Brutpflege zu, bei der auch das Zentralnervensystem eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. In der Diskussion werden die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten von Mechanismen erörtert, die bei der Verhaltenssteuerung beteiligt sein können.
    Notes: Summary In the tropical cichlid fish Pterophyllum scalare parental fanning is inducable by injections of 0.02 to 0.12 IU ovine prolactin (LtH) per g bodyweight. By application of higher doses of LtH this behaviour pattern is strongly inhibited. In the present paper an attempt is made to study the question whether this inhibition is caused by an immune response of the experimental fishes to mammalian prolactin. 1. In fanning experiments made at a temperature of 21°C, which is very low for Pterophyllum (optimum temperature 28°C), there is no inhibition. It is known that the immune response in fishes is strongly depressed at low temperatures, so that this result gives a clue for the presence of an antigen-antibody reaction (Fig. 1). 2. The intensity of fanning is strongly depressed when Pterophyllum at the same time is injected with an effective dose of prolactin and serum of fishes of the same species which were treated with such an amount of LtH before so that fanning was already inhibited (Fig. 2). 3. In this serum there are detectable specific antibodies to ovine prolactin by the passive hemagglutination procedure with tannic acid-treated sheep erythrocytes. 4. Another reaction of Pterophyllum to ovine LtH, an increase of the number of the mucus cells in the skin, is not influenced by treatment with fish-“anti-LtH-serum”. At 21°C the increase is about 50% lower than at 28°C. This effect probably depends on the lower metabolic activity at this temperature (Figs. 1, 2). These results give evidence that an immunological reaction takes part at the inhibition of parental fanning in hormone experiments. This does not mean, however, that the inhibition of fanning in spontanous parental care depends on the same mechanism, in which case the central nervous system undoubtedly plays an important role. Another possibility of this regulation principle is the cooperation of LtH with other hormones of the experimental fishes or the induction of production and release of fish-own “prolactin-like hormone” which may operate in fanning control but which is not capable by immunological methods with anti-ovine LtH. There are also discussed the possibilities for the regulation of the histotropical effect on the mucus cells which may be controlled by other hormonal principles or by the vegetative nervous system activated by the LtH-injections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Androgen secretion ; Gonadotropic hormone ; Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After three intraperitoneal injections of salmon gonadotropin (sGTH) or bovine serum albumin (BSA), testicular tissue of fully mature rainbow trout was prepared for in vitro incubation with or without sGTH. The secretion of 11-oxotestosterone was measured and the tissue was fixed for light-microscopical localization of sGTH immunoreactivity (ir). Tissue from sGTH-treated males showed an increased basal secretion and sGTH-stimulated androgen secretion but the stimulated versus control ratio was higher without sGTH treatment in vivo. When the tissue had had contact with exogenous sGTH, sGTH-ir showed similar distribution patterns regardless of the sGTH treatment regimes. The extralobular compartment showed a staining of interstitial cells and capillary walls. The staining in the intralobular compartment was less clear. Many Sertoli-cells carried a faint nuclear label, whereas intralobular germ cells appeared to be unlabeled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GnRH ; GTH-immunohistochemistry ; Hy-pothalamus ; Pituitary ; Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropic hormone (GTH) was studied at the light-microscopical level in the brain and pituitary of rainbow trout at different stages of the first reproductive cycle using antisera against synthetic mammalian GnRH and salmon GTH. GnRH perikarya were localized exclusively in the preoptic nucleus, both in the pars parvicellularis and the pars magnocellularis. A few somata contacted the cerebrospinal fluid. Not all neurosecretory cells were GnRH-positive, indicating at least a bifunctionality of the preoptic nucleus. We recorded no differences between sexes or stages of gonadal development in the location of GnRH perikarya, whereas gradual changes were found in staining intensity during the reproductive cycle. GnRH fibres ran from the partes parvicellularis and magnocellularis through the hypothalamus and merged into a common tract at the transverse commissure before entering the pituitary. In the pituitary, GnRH was localized in the neural tissue of the neurointermediate lobe and, to a lesser extent, in the neural protrusions penetrating the proximal pars distalis. The bulk of GTH-positive cells was situated in the proximal pars distalis. Some cells were found more rostrally amidst prolactin cells or in the neurointermediate lobe. Only a limited number of GTH cells appeared to be in close contact with GnRH-positive material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus elimination ; Atretic oocyte ; Salmo gairdneri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A process of elimination of the nucleus in oocytes of the rainbow trout displaying eight different stages is described. The phenomenon was observed only in stage III of sexual maturity. Initially, there is a slight shrinkage of the oocyte accompanied by the loss of yolk granules. This is followed by a cytoplasmatic protrusion into the ovarian lumen, which is covered by the follicular wall. Subsequently, the latter is ruptured and the nucleus migrates toward the opening. Finally, the nucleus leaves the follicle together with a portion of cytoplasm and then occasionally undergoes a breakdown into fragments in the ovarian lumen. The relevance of this mechanism in the process of preovulatory follicular atresia is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The light microscopic analysis of serial sections of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) shows that the form of the groove-like (in cross section) organ varies over its total length. Its rostral origin is a tunnel-like structure anterior to the orifice of the hollow pineal stalk. The SCO forms the dorsal wall of the brain. Caudally the SCO is increasingly displaced from the surface of the brain by the fibers of the posterior commissure; the organ ends in a tabular area beyond the latter. The orifice of the pineal stalk is surrounded by the ependyma of the SCO that invaginates like a funnel and joins with the ependyma of the pineal stalk after a considerable narrowing. The rudimentary parapineal organ is located on the left side of the brain and is connected with the left habenular ganglion through the parapineal tract. It contacts the third ventricle with a short channel within the ependyma of the SCO. The histological organization of the ependymal and hypendymal cells of the SCO is typical of teleosts. Secretory material is located basally and apically in relation to the nucleus, but there is no indication of a basal secretory release. Basal ependymal processes terminate with broadened endings at the membrana limitans externa. The apical product is discharged into the third ventricle, where it aggregates into the thread-like structure of Reissner's fibre. The SCO cells have no direct contact with cerebral or meningeal blood vessels.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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