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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant sensitivity to atrazine and chlorsulfuron residues in a soil-free system (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 39 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The sensitivity of 22 major crops, pastures and weeds from the north-east grain region of Australia to atrazine and chlorsulfuron residues was determined in a glasshouse using a soil-free bioassay system. A logistic equation was fitted to the seedling fresh weights as a function of the logarithm of herbicide concentration by non-linear regression and used to calculate the doses for 10%, 30% and 50% inhibition of seedling growth (ID10, ID30 and ID50). The ID50 for atrazine ranged from 0.03 to 0.04 mg a.i. L–1 for Salvia reflexa Hornem. and barley to 1.47 mg a.i. L–1 for sorghum. The ID50 for chlorsulfuron ranged from 0.19 to 0.21 μg a.i. L–1 for lucerne and snail medic to 102 μg a.i. L–1 for wheat. Based on ID50 values measured, the predicted responses of each species to a range of concentrations of atrazine and chlorsulfuron were classified into four categories ranging from no damage to severe damage. These sensitivity data will assist in planning cropping sequences in soils previously treated with atrazine or chlorsulfuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.1999.00145.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting aluminium sorption by calcium pectate (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; calcium pectate ; polygalacturonic acid ; solution pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular processes, particularly the adsorption of aluminium (Al) by pectate in the cell wall, have been proposed as important in the expression of Al toxicity to plant roots. In vitro studies were conducted on the effects of Al concentration (generally ≤ 32 μM), calcium (Ca) concentration (0.05 to 10 mM) and pH (3.2 to 5.4) on Al sorption by Ca pectate. There was a rapid reaction between Al and Ca pectate, there being no difference in Al remaining in solution after reaction times of 1 to 16 min, and only a slight decrease after 24 h. Increased Al concentration in solution increased linearly the sorption of Al by Ca pectate, with 70 to 84% of the Al originally in solution sorbed with ≤32 μM Al. In contrast, Al sorption decreased with increased Ca concentration in solution, and as pH decreased from 5.4 to 3.2. Only ≤30% of the sorbed Al was desorbed after 1 h by 1 mM CaCl2, 10 mM CaCl2 or 1 mM HCl. The amount of Al desorbed increased with a desorption period of 5 h, particularly with 1 mM HCl. These studies suggest that Al sorbed by Ca pectate in root cell walls is in equilibrium with Al in solution, and that Al toxicity is associated with the strong binding between Al and Ca pectate external to the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010765
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical models to approximate calcium and magnesium ameliorative effects and genetic differences in aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium tolerance ; calcium ; magnesium ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The activities of inorganic, monomeric aluminium (Al) species in the root environment are important in the toxicity of Al to plant roots, which may be ameliorated by increased activities of basic cations. Additionally, it has been suggested that electro-chemical processes in walls of root cells play a role in Al tolerance. Empirical models were proposed to accomodate genetic and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ameliorative effects on Al toxicity. The models were tested using data from a solution culture study (with ionic strength 1.6 to 8.6 mM) in which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvv. Warigal (Al-sensitive) and Waalt (Al-tolerant) were grown for 28 d at 0, 10 and 20 μM Al, in factorial combination with 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μM Ca and 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM Mg. There was a poor relationship between relative total dry mass (TDM) (calculated as a percentage of the average TDM of each cultivar in the absence of added Al) and the activity of Al3+ or the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species in solution. A model based on the ratios of activities of cations in solution, taking valency into consideration, was more successful, accounting for ca 85% of the observed variation in relative TDM. There were no systematic variations between observed values and those estimated by the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012886
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops of the Pacific: Preliminary observations on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; solution culture ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution culture was used to characterise deficiencies or toxicities of several essential elements in Ipomoea batatas cv. Wanmun, and to define the critical concentrations of these elements in young mature leaves during vegetative growth. Tentative critical concentrations for deficiency, expressed on the basis of dry weight of leaf blade, were: nitrogen 3.8%, phosphorus 0.17%, potassium 2.4%, magnesium 0.12%, manganese 20μg/g and zinc 10μg/g. For manganese and zinc toxicities it was possible only to designate the range within which the critical concentration occurred. Visible symptoms are briefly described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025033
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antagonism between aluminium and calcium for sorption by calcium pectate (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; calcium pectate ; pectin ; polygalacturonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminium (Al) binding in the apoplasm of the cells of plant roots has been implicated in Al toxicity, but little is known of the reactions between Al and components of the apoplasm. Because of its role in determining root cation-exchange capacity, calcium (Ca) pectate in the root cell wall has been considered especially important in binding Al. Synthetic Ca pectate was prepared at pH 5.4 and 4.0 (separate experiments), and reacted with solutions containing Ca (0.05 to 15 mM) and Al (0 to 200 µM). A sorption reaction was proposed to explain the preferential binding of Al over Ca by Ca pectate at both pH 5.4 and 4.0. An increase in Al bound by Ca pectate reduced Ca sorption and vice versa, the Ca present in the supernatant increasing by 1.65±0.15 nmol for each 1 nmol Al sorbed. Further, the volume of solution entrained by the Ca pectate gel decreased with increased Ca and Al concentrations in solution. The reduced pore size suggested by this finding may have important implications for nutrient uptake and cell elongation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009576
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil amelioration effects on peanut growth, yield and quality (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 319-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L. ; Calcium ; Gypsum ; Lime ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to study the reasons for poor peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) performance on an Avalon medium sandy loam, a three year field study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lime and gypsum applications on growth, yield and quality. Rates of up to 2,400 kg agricultural lime/ha/annum significantly increased soil pH (1N KCl) and exch. Ca and decreased levels of exch. Al and Al saturation in the soil (0–150 mm). The effect of the same rates of gypsum was much less marked, only exch. Ca increasing and Al saturation decreasing to any substantial extent. In the absence of lime (i.e. even where gypsum was applied). nodulation was poor and the plants developed a general chlorosisc. 90 days after planting. Liming markedly improved nodulation whereas annual applications of gypsum had the opposite effect. Liming significantly increased the hay, pod and kernel yields by up to 73, 105 and 117%, respectively. On average, gypsum applications had no significant effects. Liming increased shelling percentage, the percentage mature pods, 100-kernel mass and protein concentration in the kernel, and decreased the incidence of pops and kernels with black plumule. Applications of gypsum had little effect on quality except for a decreased incidence of black plumule. It appeared that the improved crop performance with liming resulted from a reduction in Al toxicity which improved nodulation. Calcium deficiency did not appear to be a major cause of poor peanut growth and quality in the unameliorated soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375053
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of calcium and aluminium on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of groundnut in solution culture (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; Bradyrhizobium ; calcium ; magnesium ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While considerable information has been presented recently on the alleviating effects of calcium (Ca) on aluminium (Al) toxicity, the interaction between Ca and Al on nodulation and N2-fixation of legumes is little understood. A 28 d solution culture experiment using groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Matjam was conducted to evaluate the effects of four Ca concentrations and four Al levels on nodule development, N2-fixation and plant growth. The Ca concentrations were maintained at 500, 1000, 2500 or 5000 μM, and the sum of activities of monomeric Al species (ΣaAlmono) were 0, 15, 30 and 60 μM. With ΣaAlmono≥30 μM in solution, the time to appearance of the first nodule increased, and, with 60 μM ΣaAlmono in solution, plants remained chlorotic throughout the experiment. Activities≥30 μM reduced nodule number and nodule dry mass per plant, particularly with high (5000 μM) Ca in solution. Also, plant top growth was decreased at ΣaAlmono≥30 μM; the effect only being alleviated by 1000 μM Ca at 30 μM ΣaAlmono. The Ca concentration in the youngest expanded leaf (YEL) increased with increased Ca concentration in solution, but was little affected by Al treatment. Nitrogen concentrations mirrored treatment effects on nodule number and nodule dry mass; Al in solution decreased the N concentration particularly with 5000 μM Ca in solution. Furthermore, increased Ca and Al in solution decreased the Mg concentration in the YEL. This suggested that the absence of any alleviating effect of Ca and Al toxicity (indeed the opposite effect was often observed) resulted from interference in Mg nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012885
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific differences in aluminium tolerance in relation to root cation-exchange capacity (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium genotype ; root cation-exchange capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genotypic differences in aluminium (Al) tolerance hold considerable promise in overcoming an important limitation to plant growth in acid soils. Little is known, however, about the biochemical basis of such differences. Extracellular properties, particularly low root cation-exchange capacity (CEC), have been associated with Al tolerance, since roots of low CEC adsorb less Al than do those of high CEC. A solution culture study was conducted in which 12 plant species (monocots and dicots) were grown in solution culture of low ionic strength (ca 2 mM) for 8 d at four Al concentrations (0, 16, 28 and 55 μM). The species differed significantly in Al tolerance as shown by differences in root length. Root length relative to that of the same species grown in the absence of Al varied from 6 to 117% at 16 μM Al, and from 6 to 75% at 28 μM Al. Species tolerance of Al was not closely associated with differences in root CEC. Although in some species Al sensitivity was associated with high adsorption of Al during a 10- or 40-min exposure to Al (expressed on a fresh mass or root length basis), this was not a good predictor of Al tolerance across all species studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011998
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium reactions with polygalacturonate and related organic ligands (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium pectate ; citrate ; oxalate ; polygalacturonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminium (Al), in inorganic monomeric forms, has been recognised as a limiting factor for root growth in many acid soils. Plant tolerance to Al may be achieved by the detoxification (complexation) of Al by organic ligands present in the rhizosphere. The Al-complexing ability of seven organic ligands, citric, oxalic, gluconic, glucuronic, mucic, galacturonic and polygalacturonic (pectin) acids, was investigated. The proportion of organically-complexed Al was determined using colorimetric methods based on differences in reaction rate with pyrocatechol violet or aluminon. The colorimetric methods confirmed that citric acid forms a strong complex with Al at pH 4.2. In contrast, pectin and related organic ligands weakly complexed Al in acidic conditions. In an additional study, the Al-binding ability of pectin and Ca-pectate was compared at a biologically significant concentration of 32 µM Al. Only 29% of free Al remained in solution in the presence of Ca-pectate, while 54% remained when pectin was present. This suggests that Ca-pectate, rather than pectin, is responsible for binding Al in root cell walls and consequently plays an important role in Al toxicity to plants. Root growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) confirmed differences in the ability of citrate, oxalate and galacturonate to complex Al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009562
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of low boron concentrations in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; ICPAES ; nutrient solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study boron (B) deficiency and toxicity in plants in flowing solution culture, it is necessary to establish a wide range of solution B concentrations. The ability of inductively coupled plasma atomic emisson spectrophotometry (ICPAES) to determine solution B concentrations ranging from 0.15 μM to 925 μM was investigated. The reliablity of B concentration determination in nutrient solutions containing 〈10 μM B is poor. A technique, involving sorption by a B-specific resin (Amberlite-743), was established to concentrate the B present in low B nutrient solutions and to enable reliable measurement using ICPAES following elution from the resin. Acceptable, reproducible recoveries of B from low B solutions, containing known concentrations of B, were obtained using this technique. The technique enables the imposition, monitoring and maintenance of solution B concentrations well below the direct detection limits of ICPAES and colorimetric procedures. ei]L V Kochian
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015415
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