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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of butylbenzyl phthalate to shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata) (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1983), S. 655-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Clean Water Act of 1971 directed the Environmental Protection Agency to establish ambient water quality criteria for several classes of elements and compounds, including phthalate esters. Multispecies acute toxicity data are required to develop these criteria. Static bioassay LC50s for butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) for a single species of marine fish based on nominal doses range from 3 mg/L to 440 mg/L. Flow-through bioassays were used in this study of BBP with shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata). Using measured exposure concentrations, 96-hr LC50s averaged 0.51 mg/L. Effects on schooling behavior were found at 0.08 mg/L and coloration at 0.24 mg/L. Coupled with the behavioral changes, reduced brain levels of epinephrine found in surviving fish indicated that the mode of acute toxicity for BBP may be through its effects on the catecholamines of the central adrenergic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01060747
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototoxic Evaluation of Marine Sediments Collected from a PAH-Contaminated Site (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 274-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The phototoxicity potential of PAH-contaminated field sediment was evaluated and compared to standard sediment toxicity test results. Marine sediments were collected from 30 sites along a presumed PAH sediment pollution gradient in Elliot Bay, WA. Standard 10-day acute and 28-day chronic sediment toxicity tests were conducted with the infaunal amphipods Rhepoxynius abronius and Leptocheirus plumulosus using mortality and the ability to rebury as endpoints. The survivors of these tests were then subjected to 1-h exposures to UV radiation with mortality and reburial again determined. The most highly toxic sediments identified in these experiments were evaluated further for toxicity and phototoxicity by serially diluting them with uncontaminated sediment and repeating the toxicity tests. Standard 10-day toxicity test results indicated that over 70% of the sites sampled in Elliot Bay exhibited measurable toxicity with nine sites being highly toxic to both species of amphipods. Results of standard 28-day chronic sediment toxicity tests were similar. In contrast, almost all of the sites were found to be highly phototoxic. Results indicated that exposure to UV increased toxicity five- to eightfold. This suggests that standard toxicity tests underestimate the potential ecological risk of PAH-contaminated sediments in animals exposed to sunlight. However, only when PAH contamination was between 0.05 and 1.0 toxic units would conducting a phototoxicity evaluation add information to that gained from conducting a standard sediment toxicity test alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910037
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Toxicity of PAHs and Alkylated PAHs to a Marine Infaunal Amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronius) (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 34 (1998), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The marine infaunal amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius was exposed in standard 10-day toxicity tests to sediments contaminated with parent or alkylated PAHs. After exposures, mortalities (LC50 values) and the ability to rebury in control sediment (EC50 values) were determined. Survivors of these initial toxicity tests were then exposed to UV radiation in an environmental growth chamber for 1 h. The differences between EC50 values before and after UV exposure were used to assess the phototoxicity of the bioaccumulated contaminants. Contaminants with HOMO-LUMO gap energies between 7.2 and 7.7 eV produced up to an order-of-magnitude increase in toxicity with UV exposure. The strength of phototoxic responses within this HOMO-LUMO gap range varied with contaminants such that compounds with the lowest water solubilities appeared to be relatively less phototoxic. This suggests that these compounds were not taken up in sufficient quantities to produce a strong phototoxic response and points out the need to measure tissue residues in phototoxicity experiments. In general, these results support the HOMO-LUMO gap model of photoinduced toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900311
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity and Phototoxicity of Mixtures of Highly Lipophilic PAH Compounds in Marine Sediment: Can the ΣPAH Model Be Extrapolated? (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 (1999), S. 270-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The additivity of toxic units was tested using sediments contaminated with mixtures of highly lipophilic (log Kow 〉 4.5) parent and alkylated PAHs. The direct toxicity and photoinduced toxicity of these mixtures were examined in standard 10-day sediment toxicity tests using the infaunal amphipod Rhepoxinius abronius, with mortality and the survivors' ability to rebury as endpoints. Survivors of the initial 10-day tests were then exposed for 1 h to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the results compared to initial (10-day) endpoints. Tissue residues and lipids were measured and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values determined. The results indicated that the bioaccumulated contaminants were not initially toxic, however, they were highly phototoxic. Although the summed toxic units of these contaminants appeared to be nonadditive, additivity was not disproved as inaccuracies in extrapolating the Kow-LC50 QSAR or insufficient exposure duration might also have accounted for the observed results. Critical body residue (CBR) estimates for R. abronius were similar while BSAF values were much larger (10×) in comparison to other studies, which used amphipods and PAHs. The phototoxicity of mixtures of contaminants were similar to the phototoxicity of single contaminants when expressed on a molar basis, which suggests that phototoxicities may be roughly additive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900471
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Petroleum refinery wastewater induction of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in pacific staghorn Sculpin (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 11 (1982), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 and aldrin epoxidase was observed in the estuarine sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), followingin vivo exposure to Class B petroleum refinery effluent from two West Coast refineries. The data demonstrate the presence and inducibility of the mixed-function oxidase system inLeptocottus armatus. Differences in the extent of mixed-function oxidase induction between the two effluents may be related to differences in wastewater chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055197
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Toxicity of Fluoranthene to Seven Marine Benthic Crustaceans (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 32 (1997), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Seven marine benthic crustaceans were exposed in 4 d water-only toxicity tests to five concentrations of fluoranthene. After exposures, mortality (LC50) and the ability to bury in clean sediment (EC50) were determined. Survivors were then exposed to UV radiation for 1 h. The differences between LC50s and EC50s before and after UV exposure were used to assess photoinduced toxicity. UV exposure enhanced fluoranthene toxicity by as much as tenfold in five of the seven species tested (Rhepoxynius abronius, Eohaustorius estuarius, Leptocheirus plumulosus, Grandidierella japonica, and Corophium insidiosum). Species having the greatest potential for natural exposure to sunlight (Excirolana vancouverensis and Emerita analoga) were the least sensitive to photoinduced fluoranthene toxicity. Although photoinduced toxicity needs to be considered in environmental risk assessments, testing should be done, using ecologically relevant species and exposures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900201
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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