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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting the Theory of Planned Behavior With the Value-Belief-Norm Model in Explaining Conservation Behavior (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied social psychology 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1559-1816
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: In this paper, we contrast the value-belief-norm (VBN) model and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for the first time regarding their ability to explain conservation behavior. The participants represent a convenience sample of 468 university students. Using survey data and adopting previously established compound measures, structural equation analyses revealed a remarkable explanatory power for both theories: TPB's intention accounted for 95% of people's conservation behavior and VBN's personal norms accounted for 64%. Compared to the VBN model, the TPB covered its concepts more fully in terms of proportions of explained variance. More importantly, the fit statistics revealed that only the TPB depicts the relations among its concepts appropriately, whereas the VBN model does not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02213.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single cell recordings reveal hydroxydanaidal as the volatile compound attracting insects to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhodogastria ; Arctiidae ; pharmacophagy ; attraction ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; hydroxydanaidal ; single cell recordings ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektrophysiologische und einfache chemische Verfahren erlaubten die Eingrenzung und Identifikation des reizwirksamen Prinzips, welches Insekten, die Pyrrolizidin-Alkaloide (PA) nutzen, die Orientierung zu PA-Quellen ermöglicht. Einzelzellableitungen von antennalen Sensilla basiconica bei Rhodogastria (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) zeigten einen morphologisch nicht unterscheidbaren physiologischen Typ, dessen Rezeptorzellen sich durch eine sehr geringe Spontanaktivität auszeichneten und ausschließlich auf ‘PA-Duft’ reagierten (‘SB II’). Allerdings wurden (z. B. mit Monocrotalin) Reizquellen-Beladungen von 1 μg benötigt, um überschwellige Antworten auszulösen, und die maximal erreichte Aktivität (bei Reizung mit 5 mg) betrug lediglich 50 Imp./s; dies deutete auf das Auftreten von kleinen Mengen eines volatilen Abbauprodukts von PA hin. SB II wurden als biologische Detektoren verwendet, um — kombiniert mit Dünnschichtchromatographie — die Reizwirksamkeit von Produkten von Hydrolyse- und Extraktions-Experimenten mit PA zu testen. Auf diese Weise konnte schließlich gezeigt werden, daß von PA mit Retronecin bzw. Heliotridin als Necin geringe Mengen des Dihydropyrrolizins Hydroxydanaidal (Fig. 1G, H) ausgehen. Synthetisches Hydroxydanaidal stellte sich als der bestwirksame Reiz für SB II-Rezeptorzellen heraus, die bzgl. Spezifität und Sensitivität (insbesondere für R(-)-Hydroxydanaidal) den gut untersuchten Rezeptoren für weibliche Sexualpheromone bei Nachtfaltern vergleichbar sind. Entsprechende Ergebnisse wurden auch mit Danaus (Danainae) und Euchromia (Ctenuchiidae) gewonnen. Erste Verhaltensversuche beweisen die Lockwirkung von Hydroxydanaidal für PA-Insekten und bestätigen die Interpretation der elektrophysiologischen Befunde.
    Notes: Abstract Employment of electrophysiology in combination with simple chemical techniques elucidated the volatile which permit the localization of sources of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by insects exploiting these secondary plant metabolites. Single cell recordings in Rhodogastria moths (Arctiidae) revealed a physiologically clearly separable type of antennal sensilla basiconica (‘SB II’) which responds to headspace air of certain PAs (e.g. monocrotaline), but not to a great variety of ‘odorants’. However, stimulus sources of 1 μg were required to elicit responses and the maximum frequency (obtained with stimulus sources of 5 mg) was only 50 imps/s. This suggested the occurrence of small amounts of airborne PA degradation products. Extraction and hydrolysis experiments in combination with thin-layer chromatography and using the sensory responses of antennal receptor cells as biological detectors eventually demonstrated that the dihydropyrrolizine ‘hydroxydanaidal’ emanates in small amounts from sources of those PAs which contain retronecine and heliotridine, respectively, as necine moiety. This substance was also implicated as the volatile mediating attraction of the insects to PA-containing plants, as well as to artificial PA-baits. With respect to the high sensitivity and specificity of SB II-receptor cells to hydroxydanaidal, in particular to its R(-)-enantiomer, they are analogous to the well studied receptor cells for sex-attractant pheromones in Lepidoptera. Similar results were obtained with Danaus (Danainae) and Euchromia (Ctenuchiidae). Initial behavioural tests have proven the attractive power of hydroxydanaidal for PA-insects and thus corroborate our interpretation of the electrophysiological findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365401
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 sensitive receptors on labial palps ofRhodogastria moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): physiology, fine structure and central projection (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1986), S. 741-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tips of the labial palps ofRhodogastria possess a pit housing uniform sensilla (Fig. 1), histologically characterized by wall-pores and receptor cells with lamellated outer dendrites (Fig. 2). The receptor cell axons project to glomeruli in the deutocerebrum (cf. Fig. 3) which are not innervated by antennal receptors. From their histology as well as from their central projection these sense organs are identical with palpal pit organs of other Lepidoptera (Lee et al. 1985; Kent et al. 1986; Lee and Altner 1986). Physiologically, the palp-pit receptors respond uniformly; they are most excitable by stimulation with carbon dioxide (Fig. 6) while they exhibit relatively moderate responses to various odorants (Fig. 4). The responses to CO2 (Fig. 7) show a steep dose-response characteristic. In ambient atmosphere (i.e., ca. 0.03% CO2) the cells are in an excited condition already; the seeming ‘spontaneous activity’ exhibited in air is decreased if the preparation is kept under N2 or O2 or CO2-free air (Figs. 7, 10). There is hardly any adaptation of the responses to continuous or repeated stimulation (Fig. 8). Perhaps CO2 sensitivity is correlated with sensilla characterized by both wall-pores and lamellated dendrites. Pilot tests indicate that CO2 perception might be widespread in the Lepidoptera (cf. Fig. 12), but the biological significance remains obscure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01324818
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific advantage results in intraspecific disadvantage: Chemical protection versus cannibalism inUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1439-1451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larval cannibalism ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; chemical protection ; population density ; Utetheisa ornatrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study suggests that alkaloid deficiency inUtetheisa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is a main cause of cannibalism; moreover, cannibalism can be predicted on the basis of alkaloid deficiency and of systemic alkaloid accumulation. This chemical plays a central role in the life of this species, because, first, it provides acquired chemical protection from potential predators, and, second, it determines mating success (as the alkaloid is an essential precursor of the male pheromone). Consequently, losers in the larval sequestering of alkaloids, which would result in a lack of chemical protection and in decreased mating success, tend to target conspecific winners, which are normally substantially protected against a variety of predators; by cannibalizing those accumulated alkaloid sources the losers tend to become the winners of cannibalistic encounters while making up their shortfall of these chemicals. What is a presumptive advantage in selection under high predation pressures and/or high alkaloid availabilities could become a disadvantage under high conspecific population densities and shortages of alkaloid supplies for larval uptake. Cannibalism may be expected to have general ecological importance in the evolutionary play ofUtetheisa and may contribute to a balanced regulation of the acquired alkaloid contents in these arctiid populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027723
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical basis of egg cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2063-2075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; egg cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulant ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the mothUtetheisa ornatrix are shown to cannibalize eggs in the laboratory. They proved most cannibalistic if they were systemically deficient in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), the defensive agent that protectsUtetheisa at all stages of development against predation, and whichUtetheisa acquire as larvae from their food plant. In exercising cannibalistic choice,Utetheisa larvae feed preferentially on eggs that are PA-Iaden rather than PA-free. Egg cannibalism can therefore provideUtetheisa with a supplemental means of PA procurement. Moreover, presence of PA in the egg, while providing the egg with defense against predation, can increase its vulnerability to cannibalism. Although evidence is presented thatUtetheisa larvae cannibalize eggs in nature, it is argued that such feeding may occur only opportunistically in the wild, rather than as a matter of course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987992
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A potential kairomone stimulates pheromone-responsive receptor neurons inUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 427-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect olfaction ; electrophysiology ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; male-produced ; pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory receptor neurons in basiconic sensilla on the antennae ofUtetheisa ornatrix, which, in females, had earlier been shown to be responsive to stimulation with hydroxydanaidal (HD), are here shown to be responsive to volatile substances in samples of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These latter substances are secondary plant metabolites present in the host plant of the larvae. Their sequestration during larval life serves to protect all life stages from predation. In males, the PAs also provide precursors for the production of the male pheromone, HD. In females, basiconic receptor neurons begin to respond to stimulus cartridges containing 1 ng of (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, 100 ng of its isomer, (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal, and to volatiles emanating from 10μg of the alkaloids monocrotaline and heliotrine. Receptor neurons in males are generally responsive to the same array of substances but with reduced sensitivity. The dietary background of the adult moths with respect to prior ingestion of PAs does not influence the response capabilities of basiconic receptor neurons to HD or to the volatile components of PAs. Earlier studies in another arctiid (Rhodogastria), had indicated that trace amounts of HD are present in PAs, presumably as their hydrolysis product. Thus we assume that, under natural conditions, HD may be an active component of the volatiles from PAs and may serve as both a male pheromone and a kairomone. Sensitivity to HD could thereby provide information about the location and PA content of potential mates and food plants. Mechanisms that may have resulted in the evolution of a signaling system with these properties are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994242
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental perceptions of Irish and Bavarian pupils: an empirical study (1998)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 18 (1998), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study deals with the evaluation of environmental/ecological perceptions of secondary school pupils. It has two major objectives. Firstly, to administer a measurement instrument to explore ecological/environmental perceptions for a sample of approximately 900 Irish secondary school pupils aged between 12 and 16 years. The operation and use of three subscales, ‘environmental behaviour’, ‘utilization of nature’ and ‘consideration for conservation’, was based on a previous study undertaken in Bavaria, but its structure, dimensionality and reliability was further assessed using psychometric procedures. Secondly, the study monitored the differences in these dimensions between Irish and Bavarian pupils. Common items within the subscale structure were selected from both samples to form a truncated item selection and to function subsequently as the basis for the final factor analysis applied to the combined Irish–Bavarian sample. Comparisons on this basis indicated substantial differences in attitudes and environmental behaviour between pupils from both regions: the Irish sample favoured less conservational values, but more patronage for the utilization of nature and it revealed less willingness to take and plan action in individual environmental behaviour. In addition, the Irish sample disclosed a significantly greater gender difference in the two subscales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006578101077
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental perspectives of pupils: the development of an attitude and behaviour scale (1996)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 16 (1996), S. 95-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de la présente étude est la réalisation d'un système de mesure pour l'évaluation de différents niveaux de conscience par rapport à la nature et à la protection de l'environnement, ainsi que des comportements actuels ou envisagés. Le système de mesure s'appuie sur un questionnaire à choix multiples pour évaluer les différents facteurs qui déterminent les niveaux de conscience et les comportements correspondants chez les adolescents de 10 à 16 ans. Dans le cadre du modèle à trois niveaux, qui comprend des composantes cognitives, affectives et comportementales, un grand nombre d'items, en partie issus d'études antérieures, ont été sélectionnés pour former les sous-catégories nécessaires. La configuration des catégories a été garantie par une analyse factorielle. Sur la base des réponses d'environ 2000 élèves, des sous-catégories ont été définies, qui vont depuis les positions de départ jusqu'au comportement actuel. En outre, nous avons défini les coefficients de corrélation, ainsi que les valuers Cronback-Alpha, et une analyse des régressions a été effectuée, qui prend en compte les influences, par exemple, des variables sociodémographiques comme le sexe et l'âge, des résultats scolaires ou de la manière dont l'école est perçue par chacun. La présente étude représente la base aussi bien pour des investigations comparatives entre pays, que pour l'évaluation de l'influence d'un enseignement extra-scolaire adopté.
    Notes: Summary The object of this study was to construct a measurement instrument to assess two different environmental world views of adolescents and, additionally, to address the adolescents' verbal commitment and actual behaviour. Using a multiple-choice questionnaire the instrument was designed to identify and measure the existing factors that underlie concern for ecological/environmental problems and behaviour towards environment/nature in the age group of 10 to 16 year old pupils. Within the traditional tripartite model covering cognitive, affective and behavioural components the study selected items that made up the majority of corresponding subscales from various previous studies. Using factor analysis the configuration of the scale's dimensionality was stated. Based on the responses of approximately 2000 Bavarian pupils, subscales were extracted via factor analysis and, subsequently, addressed to different segments of environmental concern ranging from attitudes to verbal commitment and actual behaviour. Correlation coefficients and the standardized Cronbach's α-values were also surveyed. Additionally, a Kruskal-Wallis analysis was applied in order to locate the subscales' influences on sociodemographic variables such as gender and age and self-reported variables such as the pleasure of being a pupil and school performance. The further purpose of the present study is to provide the basis for follow-up comparisons of preferences and values in pupils within other countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-taking and environmental perception (2000)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between pupils' environmental perception (in terms of preservation and utilisation of nature) and personality (in terms of risk-taking). 713 secondary school pupils in Switzerland were investigated. Environmental perception was assessed via three factors: ‘Preservation’, ‘Utilisation of Nature’ and ‘Consideration for Conservation’. Risk-taking was evaluated via six factors: ‘Positive Risking’, ‘Ambivalence’, ‘Thrill in Gambling’, ‘Ineffective Control’, ‘Effective Control’, and ‘Anger Reaction’. Analysis of the correlation matrix between ‘Risk-taking’ and ‘Environmental perception’ revealed three profiles (‘types’): the high scorer on ‘Preservation’ is the controlled and cautious gambler. The ‘Utiliser’ (anthropocentric) profile is essentially a mirror image of the first: the ‘Utiliser’ does not enjoy unpredictable risks, reacts with anger when risks fail and has little control over his/her own risk-taking behaviour. The ‘Consideration for Conservation’ (ecocentric) profile assumes a position between these two profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006656011403
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