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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Cloning of Forebrain mRNAs which are Modulated by Sleep Deprivation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 2 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sleep deprivation (SD) experiments have suggested that specific endogenous substances mediate the control of sleep and waking. However, such ‘sleep substances’ have not yet been unambiguously identified. The isolation of specific molecular markers would make it possible to obtain new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying sleep and waking. For this purpose, we have used a molecular genetical approach based on subtractive cDNA cloning. Using these techniques, we were able to detect and isolate in rat forebrain four cDNA clones whose corresponding transcripts are expressed at a lower level after 24 h of SD, and six cDNA clones whose corresponding transcripts are expressed at a higher level. For two of the former transcripts, the level showed a significant reduction of approximately 50% after 24 h of SD and a non-significant reduction after 12 h of SD. A significant reduction was also observed after 12 h of cold exposure. A regional analysis of their level under baseline conditions revealed variation during the 24-h cycle. The highest levels tended to occur at the onset of darkness, the beginning of the rat's activity period. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the cloned transcripts are associated with the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Analysis of their primary structure indicated that these mRNAs have not yet been characterized. The in vivo distribution of these transcripts in the forebrain shows some correspondence to that of receptors of excitatory amino acids, suggesting an association between the functional role of the cloned sequences and this neurotransmission system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00018.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation Dimension of the Human Sleep Electroencephalogram: Cyclic Changes in the Course of the Night (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The complexity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during human sleep can be estimated by calculating the correlation dimension. Due to the large number of calculations required by this approach, only selected short (4–164 s) segments of the sleep EEG have been analysed previously. By using a new type of personal supercomputer, we were able to calculate the correlation dimension of overlapping 1 min EEG segments for the entire sleep episode (480 min) of 11 subjects and thereby delineate the time course of the changes. The correlation dimension was high in episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, declined progressively within each non-REM sleep episode, and reached a low level at times when EEG slow waves (0.75–4.5 Hz) were dominant. However, whereas slow-wave activity showed its typical progressive decline from non-REMIREM sleep cycle 1 to 4, no such trend was present for the correlation dimension. By providing an estimate of the complexity of a signal and being independent of amplitude and frequency measures, the correlation dimension represents a novel approach to exploring the dynamics of sleep and the processes underlying its regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00292.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sleep deprivation modulates brain mRNAs encoding genes of glycogen metabolism (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Replenishment of brain glycogen stores depleted during waking has been suggested to constitute one of the functions of sleep [Benington, J. H. & Heller H. C. (1995) Prog. Neurobiol., 45, 347]. We have tested the hypothesis that the level of expression of enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism could undergo variations throughout the sleep-waking or rest-activity cycle, and after 6 h of ‘gentle’ total sleep deprivation in mice. Specifically, we determined the variations in mRNAs coding for protein targeting to glycogen (PTG), glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, all considered as key regulators of glycogen metabolism. Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase mRNAs exhibited significant variations throughout the light-dark cycle with a maximum at the middle of the light period and a minimum at the middle of the dark period. Following sleep deprivation, a two-fold increase in PTG mRNA and a decrease of mRNAs encoding glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase were observed. These transcriptional events have functional consequences as the activity of glycogen synthase was increased 2.5-fold indicating a stimulating effect of sleep deprivation on glycogen synthesis. These results indicate that (i) expression of genes related to brain glycogen metabolism exhibit variations throughout the sleep-waking or rest-activity cycle and (ii) given the almost selective localization of glycogen to astrocytes, these cells might participate in the regulation of sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02145.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional topography of the human nonREM sleep electroencephalogram (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The sleep EEG of healthy young men was recorded during baseline and recovery sleep after 40 h of waking. To analyse the EEG topography, power spectra were computed from 27 derivations. Mean power maps of the nonREM sleep EEG were calculated for 1-Hz bins between 1.0 and 24.75 Hz. Cluster analysis revealed a topographic segregation into distinct frequency bands which were similar for baseline and recovery sleep, and corresponded closely to the traditional frequency bands. Hallmarks of the power maps were the frontal predominance in the delta and alpha band, the occipital predominance in the theta band, and the sharply delineated vertex maximum in the sigma band. The effect of sleep deprivation on EEG topography was determined by calculating the recovery/baseline ratio of the power spectra. Prolonged waking induced an increase in power in the low-frequency range (1–10.75 Hz) which was largest over the frontal region, and a decrease in power in the sigma band (13–15.75 Hz) which was most pronounced over the vertex. The topographic pattern of the recovery/baseline power ratio was similar to the power ratio between the first and second half of the baseline night. These results indicate that changes in sleep propensity are reflected by specific regional differences in EEG power. The predominant increase of low-frequency power in frontal areas may be due to a high ‘recovery need’ of the frontal heteromodal association areas of the cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01597.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of melatonin and the melatonin receptor agonist S-20098 on the vigilance states, EEG spectra, and cortical temperature in the rat (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 16 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tobler I, Jaggi K, Borbély AA. Effects of melatonin and the melatonin receptor agonist S-20098 on the vigilance states, EEG spectra, and cortical temperature in the rat. J. Pineal Res. 1994: 16: 26–32.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉AbstractThe effects of melatonin (3 mg/kg i.p.) and the melatonin receptor agonist S-20098 (3 mg/kg i.p.) on the vigilance states, electroencephalogram power spectra (0.25–25.0 Hz), and cortical temperature were determined in eight rats in the first 6-hr interval of the 12-hr light period. Compared to the vehicle injection both compounds reduced the power density in non-rapid eye movement sleep in the low frequency range (1–8 Hz) but did not affect the vigilance states and brain temperature. The present findings do not indicate that the stimulation of the melatonin receptor exerts a hypnotic effect at doses that had been shown to affect the circadian rest-activity rhythm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00078.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Caffeine and chlordiazepoxide: Effects on motor activity in the chronic thalamic rat (1975)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 290 (1975), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Amphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Thalamic Rat ; Stimulants ; Minor Tranquillizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of three doses of caffeine and of chlordiazepoxide (CDX) on motor activity were tested in the chronic thalamic rat. In this preparation virtually all cortical, striatal and limbic structures were ablated. A small dose of caffeine had only a weak motor stimulant effect which was succeeded by sedation. Larger doses that are stimulatory in intact animals, depressed motor activity in the thalamic rat. Amphetamine, in contrast to caffeine, produced a substantial motor stimulation. CDX caused a dose-dependent reduction of motor activity, similar to its effect in the intact rat. It is concluded that (a) telencephalic structures are involved in mediating the stimulatory action of caffeine; (b) a sedative component of caffeine may be present, but masked, in the intact animal, and may be due to serotoninergic mechanisms; (c) the presence of limbic structures is not necessary for the sedative effect of CDX.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510557
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of valerian on human sleep (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Valerian ; Sleep ; Sleep EEG ; Hypnotic action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of an aqueous extract of valerian root on sleep was studied in two groups of healthy, young subjects. One group (N=10) slept at home, the other (N=8) in the sleep laboratory. Sleep was evaluated on the basis of questionnaires, self-rating scales and night-time motor activity. In addition, polygraphic sleep recordings and spectral analysis of the sleep EEG was performed in the laboratory group. Under home conditions, both doses of valerian extract (450 and 900 mg) reduced perceived sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset. Night-time motor activity was enhanced in the middle third of the night and reduced in the last third. The data suggest a dose-dependent effect. In the sleep laboratory, where only the higher dose of valerian was tested, no significant differences from placebo were obtained. However, the direction of the changes in the subjective and objective measures of sleep latency and wake time after sleep onset, as well as in night-time motor activity, corresponded to that observed under home conditions. There was no evidence for a change in sleep stages and EEG spectra. The results indicate that the aqueous valerian extract exerts a mild hypnotic action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432503
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sleep in a sitting position: effect of triazolam on sleep stages and EEG power spectra (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep disturbance ; Hypnotics ; Spectral analysis ; Benzodiazepine ; Sleep quality ; Sleep posture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of triazolam (0.25 mg) and placebo was investigated in healthy, male subjects who slept in a sitting position. After the intake of placebo, sleep efficiency, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and subjective sleep quality were lower than in the preceding sleep episode in bed, while stage 1 and REM sleep latency were higher. Triazolam did not prevent this impairment of sleep. However, in comparison with the placebo condition, the percentage of slow wave sleep was higher in the first third of the night, and in the morning sleep was rated as more quite. EEG power density in nonREM sleep was reduced in the frequency range of 1.25–10.0 Hz and enhanced in the range of sleep spindles (12.25–13.0 Hz). These changes were still present in the last third of the night. In REM sleep, triazolam reduced spectral activity in some frequency bins between 4.25 and 10.0 Hz. The sitting position itself affected the nonREM sleep spectra, since the placebo level in the 2.25–21.0-Hz range exceeded the baseline level. We conclude that a 0.25 mg dose of triazolam does not effectively counteract a posture-induced sleep disturbance, but induces changes in the EEG spectra which are typical for benzodiazepine receptor agonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244838
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zolpidem on sleep and sleep EEG spectra in healthy young men (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Zolpidem ; Hypnotic ; Sleep ; EEG spectra ; Performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A single 10 mg dose of zolpidem, an imidazopyridine hypnotic, was administered to young, healthy male volunteers prior to bedtime. The drug reduced REM sleep but did not significantly affect other sleep stages and subjective sleep parameters. All-night spectral analysis of the EEG revealed that power density in nonREM sleep was reduced in the low-frequency range (1.25–2.5 Hz; 5.25–10.0 Hz) and increased in the spindle frequency range (12.25–13.0 Hz). Significant changes in the EEG spectrum were present in the first 4 h of sleep. The pattern of the spectral changes was similar to those induced by other hypnotics that bind to the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. There were no residual effects of zolpidem on psychomotor performance in the morning, on the self-rated state in the morning and at noon, and on sleep and EEG parameters in the subsequent drug-free night.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244546
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and behavioral effects of parachlorophenylalanine in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Parachlorophenylalanine ; Motor Activity ; Feeding ; Drinking ; Evoked Potentials ; Sleep ; Circadian Rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA 300 mg/kg i.p.) on several physiological and behavioral parameters was investigated with telemetric methods in the unrestrained rat. Body temperature did not change with the exception of an immediate and short-lasting decrease after drug injection. Food and water intake were maximally depressed on the day following drug administration, and recovered gradually during the subsequent days, drinking more rapidly than feeding. Click-evoked potentials recorded from the auditory cortex and inferior colliculus maintained their typical waveforms during synchronized and desynchronized sleep indicating that PCPA does not produce a qualitative change of the sleep stages. A short-lasting increase of the potentials was observed after drug injection. PCPA exerted profound changes on motor activity. The activity during the light periods was significantly increased. However, motor behavior was altered more in its temporal pattern than in intensity, especially during the dark periods. The circadian rhythms of feeding, drinking and motor activity were attenuated. Since the time-course of these changes corresponds to that known for serotonin depletion in the brain, serotoninergic neuronal mechanisms may play a major role in the organization of behavioral rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419813
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