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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Flame Research Project: Introduction and Methods (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 205-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fly-ash particles ; trace metals ; lake sediments ; mosses ; atmospheric deposition ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The FLAME (FLy-Ash and Metals in Europe: Implications for human and environmental health) research project funded by the EU COPERNICUS programme ran from 1994 to 1996. The main aims of the programme were to further develop an automated chemical characterisation to discriminate between fly-ash particles from the major fossil-fuels used throughout Europe (coal, oil, peat, brown coal and oil shale) and apply this to particles extracted from lake sediments taken from the four participating countries (Estonia, Czech Republic, Ireland and U.K.) in order to determine spatial distributions of deposited particulates from large combustion sources. In combination with trace metal analyses from lake surface sediments and catchment mosses, the fly-ash particle data were able to identify areas of elevated pollutant deposition and suggest potential sources for them. Given the transboundary nature of the pollutants, the techniques and results of FLAME are of relevance throughout Europe. Other papers in this volume describe results and interpretation. This paper describes the background and aims of the FLAME project, outlines the methods employed for sampling sediments and mosses and the analytical techniques for particle enumeration and trace metal analysis for sediments and mosses. Finally brief details of the particle characterisation are given showing how a hierarchical discriminant function was developed, based on energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) derived particle chemistry which correctly allocated particles from the five fuel-types with 80% accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005008427122
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spatial Distribution of Characterised Fly-Ash Particles and Trace Metals in Lake Sediments and Catchment Mosses: Ireland (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 263-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fly-ash particles ; trace metals ; lake sediments ; mosses ; Ireland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) from the sediments of 48 Irish lakes were enumerated and characterised according to fuel type. The concentration of metals was determined in the surface sediments and in selected mosses from the catchments of these lakes. Generally the metal concentrations in both the surface sediments and mosses were consistent with background levels found in the remote parts of Europe. Where higher metal concentrations occurred these could often be accounted for by local geochemical sources. SCP levels in the sediments of the selected lakes along the east coast were of sufficient magnitude to suggest a transboundary influence notwithstanding local sources. SCP characterisation also suggests the influence of emissions in Northern Ireland on deposition, particularly in the north-west of Ireland. There was reasonable correlation between the concentration of oil particles in the surface sediments and vanadium, but not with nickel, in mosses. SCP concentrations were not correlated with measured physical characteristics of the lakes. The level of deposition indicated is not likely to have a significant impact on human health over and above the damaging effects of urban dwelling but the adverse impact of this deposition on acid-sensitive surface waters in Ireland has been recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005089212101
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The FLAME Project: General Discussion and Conclusions (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 329-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fly-ash ; trace metals ; lake sediments ; mosses ; United Kingdom ; Ireland ; Estonia ; Czech Republic ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Detailed discussion of the FLAME data at individual country level is included in other papers in this volume but some aspects of the analyses and data interpretation are best discussed on a broader level and that is the aim of this paper. The spatial distribution of fly-ash particles in the participating countries shows good agreement with expected sources and this implies that the majority of particulates travel less than 100 km from their source although lower concentrations of particles were detected at all sample sites. Areas of elevated concentration mostly coincide with population centres and imply possible impacts on human health by fine particulates (e.g. PM10) from fossil-fuel sources in these areas. Problems with the particle characterisation, developed within the FLAME project, include difficulties in allocation due to the overlap between coal-series fuels and the presence of a 'mineral coal' background at lake sites thought to be due to persistent sediment minerals surviving the chemical pre-treatment and becoming allocated to coal. This leads to implications for the inclusion of further fuels into the classification and the application of the technique to the same fuels beyond Europe. The combination of lake sediment SCP data and sediment and moss metals data can also provide an indication of the impact from anthropogenic contamination at a site and probable source types. Comparison with previous moss analyses from 1990 show that metal concentrations in central Europe may have decreased but levels in the UK have shown little change. Finally, comparisons of FLAME data with the EMEP model for pollutant budgets across Europe generally show good agreement for pathways, although further work is needed in receptor countries for additional confirmation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005093313010
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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