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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Btl, a structural gene for the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 95 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between the Btl gene (Btl) and the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides which were deficient in amyloplast membranes of brittlel (btl) kernels of maize (Zea mays L.). A rapid yet gentle procedure for the isolation of amyloplasts from immature kernels is described. These amyloplasts were relatively free of contamination by other cellular components, and immunological studies showed that they contained polypeptides which reacted with antibodies to maize starch branching enzyme and ADP-Gle pyrophosphorylase. Purified membranes isolated from the amyloplast contained a poly-peptide which reacted with antibodies to the Pi-translocator from spinach chloroplasts. However, a cluster of 39–44 kDa polypeptides accounted for about 40% of the total amyloplast membrane protein from W64A kernels. These polypeptides were specifically recognized by antibodies raised against a fusion protein consisting of 56 amino acids of the carboxyl terminus of the BTI protein and glutathione S-transferase. The BT1 antibodies also reacted with the abundant polypeptides in amyloplast membranes from hybrid kernels (Doebler 66XP and Pioneer 3780), and the shrunkenl and shrunken2 mutant genotypes, but no BTl reacting polypeptides were present in amyloplast membranes from btl mutant kernels. We were unable to detect BTl by the immunoblot procedure in microsomal membranes from embryo and pericarp tissues from the kernel, from seedling roots and shoots, or in membranes from mitochondria and chloroplasts. The same BTl immunoblot pattern was obtained for proteins extracted from microsomal membranes from developing endosperm and from purified amyloplast membranes. A linear relationship between the number of copies of Btl alleles and the levels of BTl in endosperm microsomal membranes was demonstrated in a gene dosage series. BTl was not extracted from amyloplast membranes by chloroform/methanol or by alkaline buffer at pH 11.5, but was partially extracted by 0.1 M NaOH. These lines of evidence support the conclusion that Btl is the structural gene for the major 39–44 kDa amyloplast membrane polypeptides and that these polypeptides are integral proteins specific to amyloplast membranes from the endosperm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb00825.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the large plastid gene, ORF2280, in tomato fruits and flowers (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 494-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Unidentified open reading frame ; Plastid gene expression ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Fruit ripening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of ORF2280, a large plastid gene of unknown function, was examined in tomato leaves, in a developmental series of tomato fruits, and in tomato flowers. Western blots indicated that much more ORF2280 protein is present in fruits and flowers than in leaves. The most abundant proteins detected, 68 and 59 kDa, are present in about equal amounts in fruits of all stages; they are even more abundant in flowers. A 170-kDa ORF2280 protein is also present in fruit of all stages; it is most abundant in small green fruit. The presence of higher levels of ORF2280 proteins in tomato fruits and flowers indicates that it may have a specialized function in these nonphotosynthetic tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309939
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of soluble starch synthases and branching enzymes from leaves and kernels of normal andamylose-extender maize (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: maize ; starch synthesis ; endosperm ; leaves ; amylose-extender ; branching enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soluble starch synthases (SS) and branching enzymes (BE) from 20-day-old maize leaves and 22-day-old seeds of normal andamylose-extender (ae) were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Elution profiles of leaf extracts showed one major SS and two BE fractions from both genotypes. The SS fractions from normal andae leaf extracts were capable of citrate-stimulated starch synthesis and had different reaction rates with various primers. The two BE fractions from normal leaf extracts differed significantly from each other but not when compared to the same BE fromae. Comparison of BE fractions fromae and normal leaves showed no differences based on chromatographic, kinetic, and immunological properties. Comparison of the leaf enzymes with endosperm enzymes showed major differences. Leaf extracts did not contain SSII or BEIIb observed in endosperm extracts. Developingae endosperm lacks BEIIb activity andae is the structural gene for BEIIb. The tissue specific expression of BEIIb in the endosperm provides the basis for explaining the tissue-specific expression ofae. We propose that as BEIIb is expressed in the endosperm, but not leaves, allelic substitution at theae locus modifies only endosperm starch synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of soluble starch synthases and branching enzymes from leaves and kernels of normal andamylose-extender maize (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: maize ; starch synthesis ; endosperm ; leaves ; amylose-extender ; branching enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soluble starch synthases (SS) and branching enzymes (BE) from 20-day-old maize leaves and 22-day-old seeds of normal andamylose-extender (ae) were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Elution profiles of leaf extracts showed one major SS and two BE fractions from both genotypes. The SS fractions from normal andae leaf extracts were capable of citrate-stimulated starch synthesis and had different reaction rates with various primers. The two BE fractions from normal leaf extracts differed significantly from each other but not when compared to the same BE fromae. Comparison of BE fractions fromae and normal leaves showed no differences based on chromatographic, kinetic, and immunological properties. Comparison of the leaf enzymes with endosperm enzymes showed major differences. Leaf extracts did not contain SSII or BEIIb observed in endosperm extracts. Developingae endosperm lacks BEIIb activity andae is the structural gene for BEIIb. The tissue specific expression of BEIIb in the endosperm provides the basis for explaining the tissue-specific expression ofae. We propose that as BEIIb is expressed in the endosperm, but not leaves, allelic substitution at theae locus modifies only endosperm starch synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396149
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelic studies of the Amylose-Extender locus of Zea mays L.: Levels of the starch branching enzymes (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1217-1222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00488473
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene dosage at the amylose-extender locus of maize: Effects on the levels of starch branching enzymes (1982)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 483-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: maize ; starch branching enzyme ; amylose-extender ; endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soluble starch branching enzymes and starch synthases from maize kernels of differing dosage of the ae locus were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A near-linear relationship between increasing dosage of the dominate amylose-extender allele (Ae) and branching enzyme IIb activity was found. In contrast, levels and properties of branching enzymes I and IIa, as well as the citrate-stimulated and primer-requiring starch synthases, remained unchanged. The near-linear increase in branching enzyme IIb activity with increasing doses of the Ae allele is consistent with the hypothesis that ae is the structural gene coding for branching enzyme IIb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484699
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble starch synthases and starch branching enzymes from cotyledons of smooth- and wrinkled-seeded lines of Pisum sativum L. (1982)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 20 (1982), S. 833-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: pea ; starch ; branching enzyme ; r locus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soluble starch synthase and branching enzyme were purified from 18-day-old cotyledons of the smooth-seeded pea cultivar Alaska (RR) and wrinkled-seeded pea cultivar Progress #9 (rr) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Two coeluting peaks of primed and citrate-stimulated starch synthase activity and a major and minor peak of branching enzyme activity were observed in Alaska. However, in Progress #9, only one peak of synthase activity was found. When crude extracts of Progress #9 were centrifuged, over 70% of the starch synthase activity was recovered in the pelleted fraction, and additional washings of the pellet released no further activity. The addition of purified starch granules to Alaska crude extracts also resulted in the recovery of a greater proportion of synthase activity in pelleted fractions. The two peaks of branching enzyme activity in Alaska differed in their stimulation of phosphorylase, amylose branching activity, and activity in various buffers. The DEAE-cellulose profile of Progress #9 showed no distinct peak of branching enzyme and less than 10% of the total activity found in Alaska. The association of one form of soluble starch synthase with the pelleted fraction and the greatly reduced levels of branching enzyme provide a partial explanation for the appearance of high-amylose starch in Progress #9 cotyledons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00484061
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of plastid RNA abundance during tomato fruit ripening: the amounts of RNA from the ORF 2280 region increase in chromoplasts (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1179-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; chromoplast ; fruit ripening ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plastid gene expression ; unidentified open reading frame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comprehensive survey of the levels of plastid RNAs at progressive stages of tomato fruit ripening was conducted by hybridizing total RNA with labeled Pst I fragments that cover almost the entire tomato plastid genome and with gene-specific probes. Two different cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were examined, Traveler 76 and Count II. One of the tomato probes, P7, revealed a pronounced increase in the amount of an 8.3 kb RNA in ripe fruit. The homologous region of the tobacco plastid genome contains several genes for ribosomal proteins and a large unidentified open reading frame (2280 codons). Little change was observed in the levels of many transcripts during ripening. However, in some cases (e.g. psbA and psbC/D) the amount of RNA decreased during ripening of Count II but showed little or no change in Traveler 76. The contrast between Traveler 76 and Count II tomatoes shows that the level of plastid transcripts can vary substantially during fruit ripening with no obvious effect on the chloroplast to chromoplast transition. The large RNA from the P7 region may encode a protein that functions predominantly in chromoplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028734
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two closely related cDNAs encoding starch branching enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; cDNA ; gene expression ; starch biosynthesis ; starch branching enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two starch branching enzyme (SBE) cDNAs were identified in an Arabidopsis seedling hypocotyl library using maize Sbe1 and Sbe2 cDNAs as probes. The two cDNAs have diverged 5′ and 3′ ends, but encode proteins which share 90% identity over an extensive region with 70% identity to maize SBE IIb [12]. Genomic Southern blots suggest that the two cDNAs are the products of single, independent genes, and that additional, more distantly related SBE genes may exist in the Arabidopsis genome. The two cDNAs hybridize to transcripts which show similar expression patterns in Arabidopsis vegetative and reproductive tissues, including seedlings, inflorescence rachis, mature leaves, and flowers. This is the first report of the identification of cDNAs encoding two closely related starch branching enzymes from the same species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017805
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