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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal Epithelial Fine Structure in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 19 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the retinal epithelium (RPE) and closely associated choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) has been investigated in the eye of the domestic cat (felis catus) by light and electron microscopy. The RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined laterally by apically-locateda junctional complexes. Basally (sclerally) these cells display numerous infoldings while apically (viterally) two distinct types of processes enclose photoreceptor outer segments. Internally the large vesicular nucleus is centrally located. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes and lysosome-like bodies are abundant. Rough endoplasmic reticulum while present is not plentiful. Over the tapetum lucidum, melanosomes are absent from the RPE cells while in nontapetal locations melanosomes are large and plentiful. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris is highly fenestrated and these capillaries are deeply indented into the epithelial layer over the tapetum. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is non-tapetal regions in the typical pentalaminae structure noted for most mammals. Over the tapetum however it is reduced to a trilaminate structure and when associated with the indented capillary profiles is further reduced to a single thickened basal lamina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00878.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine Structure of the Choriocapillaris, Bruch's Membrane and Retinal Epithelium of the Cow (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 15 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and retinal epithelium was investigated in both the tapetal and non-tapetal fundus of the bovine eye. In ail locations the retinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells are joined laterally by apically located tight junctions and throughout the retina display numerous basal infoldings and fine apical processes which enclose rod outer segments. All retinal epithelial cells are rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and contain phagosomes. Although not as abundant, profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes are also noted in all locations. In non-tapetal areas, melano-somes are numerous whereas over the central tapetum fibrosum they are absent. The absence of melanosomes over a functional tapetum is to be expected. While lysosomes are present throughout the epithelial layer, over the tapetal region they appear to be more numerous. The apparent increase in lysosomal numbers in this location may indicate an enhanced shedding of outer segment material over the tapetum. Although some retinal epithelial cells are modified to accomodate a tapetum lucidum their morphology is basically similar throughout the retina and probably indicates that ail regions of the retinal epithelium are capable of the normal functions of this indispensible retinal layer. The choriocapillaris is heavily fenestrated on the border facing the retina and overlying the tapetum also displays fenestrae on its choroidal edge. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is pentalaminate throughout the retina and is slightly thicker in the posterior fundus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1986.tb00712.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine Structure of the Feline Tapetum lucidum (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 19 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic cat (Felis catus) was studied by electron microscopy. The tapetum is a tapetum cellulosum, localized in the choroid of the dorsal fundus. The cells comprising this structure are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00892.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 23 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the light-adapted retinal photoreceptors of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. They consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 4:3:3 respectively. The rods are stout cells with a long inner segment and an outer segment that reaches to the RPE cell body. In the light-adapted state, the pigment-laden apical processes of the RPE cells surround cell photoreceptor types for most of their length. The rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, a large hyperboloid of glycogen, much RER, numerous polysomes, Golgi zones and autophagic vacuoles. Single cones show a slightly tapered outer segment, a large and usually heterogeneous oil droplet and an ellipsoid of mitochondria at the apex of the inner segment. Double cones consist of a longer, stouter chief member which displays a more homogeneous oil droplet and a prominent paraboloid of glycogen and a slightly shorter and thinner accessory member with no oil droplet or paraboloid. Both members of the double cone as well as the single cones show a prominent ellipsoid and plentiful polysomes, RER and Golgi zones in the inner segment. Along the length of the contiguous membranes of the two members of the double cone are presumed interreceptor junctions. All cone photoreceptors are relatively small in diameter and hence are tightly packed. Judging by their morphology in the light-adapted state neither rods nor cones are felt to undergo photomechanical movements in this species. Rods and cones (both types) display both invaginated (ribbon) synapses as well as numerous flat (conventional) synaptic sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1994.tb00488.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine Structure of the Pecten Oculi of the Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 20 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) has been examined by light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of the pleated type. It consists of 17–18 accordion folds which are joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like shape, widest at its base. It is situated over the optic nerve head and extends into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and melanocytes. The capillaries are specialized and display extensive microfolds on both the luminal and abluminal borders. The endothelial cell bodies are thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are probably structurally important and which often enclose pericytes. The melanocytes which are most plentiful in the bridge region and peripherally in the pecten, form an incomplete sheath around the capillaries and other blood vessels. These melanocytes are also felt to be fulfilling a structural role within the pecten. The morphology of the pecten of the red-tailed hawk is indicative of a heavy involvement in the transport of materials to the avascular avian retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1991.tb00310.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine Structure of the Retinal Photoreceptors of the Domestic Cat (Felis catus) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 19 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the retinal photoreceptors of the domestic cat (Felis catus) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. In this species the photoreceptors can be readily differentiated and adequately described by the classical terminology of rods and cones, with rods being the more numerous. Rods are long slender cells with inner and outer segments of much the same diameter. Cones are shorter cells with a conical outer segment that tapers distally and an inner segment which is wider than the outer segment. Both rods and cones are highly polarized and compartmentalized cells and consist of an outer segment, a connecting cilium, an inner segment, a nuclear region and a synaptic process leading to an expanded synaptic ending. Morphological similarities and differences are noted between the rods and cones for the various regions of these cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00879.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine Structure of the Bovine Tapetum Fibrosum (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 15 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic cow was studied by electron microscopy. In this ungulate the reflective layer is a tapetum fibrosum situated in the choroid and mainly restricted to the superior fundus. The tapetum is composed of a large array of fine extracellular collagen fibrils separated into lamellae by fibrocytes. The collagen fibrils display the normal cross-striations of native collagen, are 0.2 μm in diameter and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern with a center-to-center spacing of about 0.2 μm. The diameter and spacing of these fibrils is consistent with the constructive interference of reflected light. A vascular lamella adjacent to the retinal epithelial layer contains the choriocapillaris and some irregularly arranged collagen fibrils. The tapetum is pierced by blood vessels which supply the choriocapillaris. Over the tapetum the retinal epithelium is non-pigmented while in nontapetal regions this layer is pigmented. The choriocapillaris is not indented into the retinal epithelium as is the case in species with a tapetum cellulosum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1986.tb00713.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic ferret (1981)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 163 (1981), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tapetum Lucidum ; Ferret ; Biological Reflectance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic ferret was studied by both light and electron microscopy. In this species the reflective layer is a tapetum cellulosum situated in the choroid and restricted to the superior fundus. Posteriorly in its thickest region, the tapetum is composed of 10–12 layers of flattened polygonal cells. The number of layers gradually decreases peripherally and eventually the tapetum disappears. The nucleus of the tapetal cell is usually centrally located. Small mitochondria are scattered peripherally while the few other cell organelles observed are normally clustered near the nucleus. The dominant cytological feature of these cells is numerous electron dense rodlets whose long axes are perpendicular to the oncoming light. These rodlets are the reflective material of the tapetum. The orientation of these rodlets is normally uniform within each tapetal cell but may vary between adjacent cells. The diameter and spacing of these rodlets are consistent with the principles of constructive interference. Blood vessels penetrate the tapetal layer at right angles to supply the choriocapillaris. The choriocapillaris is indented into the retinal epithelial layer to give a flat reflecting surface to the tapetum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320676
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and retinal epithelium in the sheep (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 415-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Choriocapillaris ; Bruch's membrane ; Retinal Epithelium ; Tapetum ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and retinal epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy in both the tapetal and non-tapetal fundus of the domestic sheep. The choriocapillaries are heavily fenestrated on the side facing the retina. Overlying the tapetum, the choriocapillaris also displays fenestrae on the choroidal border. Bruch's membrane is pentalaminate throughout the retina and slightly thicker over the tapetal region. In all locations the retinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, which vary in height depending upon their location. The epithelial cells are joined laterally by apically located tight junctions and throughout the retina display numerous basal infoldings and apical processes which enclose rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nucleus is large and vesicular. All retinal epithelial cells are rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and phagosomes. Although not as abundant, mitochondria, Golgi zones, profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes are also noted in all locations. In non-tapetal areas, melanosomes are numerous whereas over the central tapetum fibrosum they are absent. While lysosomes are pressent throughout the epithelial layer, over the tapetal area they appear to be more numerous. The absence of melanosomes over a functional tapetum fibrosum is to be expected. The apparent increase in lysosomal numbers in this location may indicate an enhanced shedding of outer segment material over the tapetal region. Although some retinal epithelial cells are modified to accommodate a tapetum lucidum their morphology is basically similar throughout the retina and probably indicates that all regions of the retinal epithelium are capable of the normal functions of this indispensible retinal layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305927
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal pigment epithelial fine structure in the velvet cichlid (Astronotus ocellatus) (1992)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 186 (1992), S. 371-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ; Electron microscopy ; Teleost ; Astronatus ocellatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) have been studied by light and electron microscopy in the velvet cichlid (Astronotus ocellatus). The RPE is composed of a single layer of large columnar cells. The basal (scleral) border of these cells is minimally infolded, whereas the apical (vitreal) surface displays numerous pigment-laden processes which in light-adaptation surround both rod and cone outer segments. Laterally the RPE cells are joined by a series of basally located tight junctions. Wandering phagocytes are a constant feature within this epithelial membrane. The RPE cells display a large, vesicular nucleus, numerous mitochondria, much smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, myeloid bodies, phagosomes and melanosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is relatively scarce within these cells. Although only light-adapted specimens were examined, it is thought that the melanosomes are capable of extensive retinomotor movement. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris facing Bruch's membrane is typically very thin but shows few fenestrations. Bruch's membrane is typical of other teleost species in that it is composed of only three layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185987
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