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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 11 (1972), S. 1767-1772 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 12 (1973), S. 5217-5223 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 39 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Synaptosomes were isolated from rat cerebral cortex and incubated with [U-14C]-, [1-14C]- or [6-14C]glucose. Glucose utilization and the metabolic partitioning of glucose carbon in products were determined by isotopic methods. From the data obtained a carbon balance was constructed, showing lactate to be the main product of glucose metabolism, followed by CO2, amino acids and pyruvate. Measuring the release of 14CO2 from glucose labelled in three different positions allowed the construction of a flow diagram of glucose carbon atoms in synaptosomes, which provides information about the contribution of the various pathways of glucose metabolism. Some 2% of glucose utilized was calculated to be degraded via the pentose phosphate pathway. Addition of chlorpromazine, imipramine or haloperidol at concentrations of 10−5M reduced glucose utilisation by 30% without changing the distribution pattern of radioactivity in the various products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 14 (1966), S. 129-147 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Mechanismen der Kontrolle enzymatischer Reaktionssequenzen lassen sich allgemein auf Wechselwirkungen von Aktivatoren, Inhibitoren, Substraten und Produkten mit Enzymproteinen sowie auf Induktion oder Repression der Enzymsynthesen zurückführen. Alle Kontrolltypen werden im Verlaufe der Glycolyse beobachtet. Sie sind die Grundlage des Kontrollnetzes, das den Ablauf der Glycolyse bestimmt und nach dem Rückkopplungsprinzip operiert. 2. Das stationäre Verhalten der Fließgleichgewichte der Glycolyse kann durch Bestimmung von Netto-Fluß und stationären Intermediatkonzentrationen adequat in Form der Metabolit- und Flußprofile für den Hin- und Rückfluß jeder enzymatischen Reaktion beschrieben werden. Derartige Profile kennzeichnen den Kontrolltyp jeder enzymatischen Reaktion. Metabolit- und Flußprofile können als Grundlage mathematischer Modelle der Glycolyse benutzt werden. Das Verhalten dieser Modelle unter stationären und transienten Bedingungen steht in Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Beobachtungen. 3. Die Untersuchung von Übergangszuständen ergänzt die Analyse stationärer Zustände. Sie führt unabhängig zur Aufdeckung von Kontrollpunkten der glycolytischen Sequenz und erfaßt allgemein den Bereich sowie die Güte biochemischer Kontrollmechanismen. 4. Der Mechanismus der stationär oder transient oszillierenden Glycolyse konnte im zellfreien Extrakt durch Metabolitanalysen, durch Titrationen mit Intermediaten und Enzymen weitgehend aufgeklärt werden. Er beruht auf der spezifischen Kontrolle der Phosphotransferasen durch gekreuzte Rückkopplung und stellt das biochemische Modell zellulärer Uhrenmechanismen dar.
    Notes: Abstract Control mechanisms of enzymic reactions are generally based on interactions between activators, inhibitors, substrates and products with enzyme proteins or on induction and repression of enzyme synthesis. All main types of control can be recognized in glycolysis. They are the basis of the network which controls the over-all glycolytic function and operates according to the feed-back principle. — Enzyme profiles may not be used for a functional definition of the metabolic state. Enzyme activities are governed by a variety of control mechanisms, which can best be recognized by steady-state and transient state analysis of metabolites and by an analysis of the system's response in titration experiments with pure enzymes under conditions whereby the system displays oscillatory behaviour of its over-all flux. The important parameter for the definition of the metabolic state is the net-flux through the system, since this parameter, along with the steady-state levels of the meabolites, gives the steady-state flux pattern, reveals the kinetic state of enzymic reactions and points to control points of metabolism. Continuous glycolytic oscillations in a cell-free extract ofSaccharomyces carlsbergensis have been observed over a period of 22 hours with a constant frequency of 0.17 min−1 and a rate of 7.2 nMol ethanol per mg protein per min. Titration of such an extract by pure yeast enzymes reveals the gain (FDP, ADP) and damping components (ATP), which are fed back to the enzymes PFK and PK, respectively, PFK, PGK and PK operating as the control units. On the basis of the titration data as well as metabolite and enzyme activity phase relationship, the mechanism of this oscillation can be understood as a crossed feed-back interaction. Furthermore, it is discussed as the biochemical model of a physiological clock mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 29 (1997), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Proliferating cells ; energy supply ; aerobic glycolysis ; reactive oxygen species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Primary cultures of mitogen-activated rat thymocytes were used to study energy metabolism, gene expression of glycolytic enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species during cell cycle progression. During transition from the resting to the proliferating state a 7- to 10-fold increase of glycolytic enzyme induction occurs which enables the cells to meet the enhanced energy demand by increased aerobic glycolysis. Cellular redox changes have been found to regulate gene expression of glycolytic enzymes by reversible oxidative inactivation of Spl-binding to the cognate DNA-binding sites in the promoter region. In contrast to nonproliferating cells, production of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-primed reactive oxygen species (ROS) in proliferating rat thymocytes and HL-60 cells is nearly abolished. Pyruvate, a product of aerobic glycolysis, is an effective scavenger of ROS, which could be shown to be generated mainly at the site of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells is discussed as a means to minimize oxidative stress during the phases of the cell cycle when maximally enhanced biosynthesis and cell division do occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; brain ; liver ; kidney ; ischemia ; hypothermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to study the effects of warm (37°C) and cold (4°C) ischemia on different mitochondrial functions in rat brain, liver and kidney. After l0 to 60 minutes of ischemia at 37°C the energy coupled respiration as well as the ADP-induced malate-aspartate shuttle activity in brain and liver mitochondria or the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in kidney were significantly decreased. However, the respiratory rates and the shuttle activity in the absence of ADP remained unchanged. These data suggest that ischemia primarily affects electron transport in the respiratory chain rather than the hydrogen shuttle and the energy coupling system. When the temperature during the indicated ischemic periods was decreased to 4°C, in brain and liver no significant alterations of these mitochondrial functions were found in comparison with the non-ischemic controls. When rat kidneys were stored for 36 hours at 4°C according to Collins mimicing transplantation conditions, the mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis were only slightly decreased. It therefore appears that hypothermia can prevent effectively mitochondrial dysfunction due to ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 243 (1968), S. 640-649 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Transaldolase reagiert mit Fructose-6-phosphat unter Bildung eines stabilen Dihydroxyaceton-Enzym-Komplexes, der die Struktur einer Schiffsehen Base hat. Für die quantitative Bestimmung dieses Komplexes werden zwei Methoden beschrieben: 1. Reduktion der enzymatisch aktiven Schiffsehen Base mit Borhydrid zu einem inaktiven sekundären Aminderivat (irreversibel). 2. Addition von Cyanid an die Schiffsche Base unter Bildung eines inaktiven Aminonitrilderivates (reversibel). Aus dem prozentualen Anteil der Inaktivierung läßt sich die vorliegende Menge an Komplex errechnen. Die Zahl der „aktiven Zentren“ der Transaldolase kann aufgrund des spezifischen Einbaus radioaktiver Stoffe in den Komplex ermittelt werden. Mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden konnte übereinstimmend jeweils nur eine Substratbindungsstelle für Fructose-6-phosphat bei der Transaldolase aus Candida utilis nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Abstract Transaldolase reacts with fructose-6-phosphate to form a stable transaldolase-dihydroxyacetone complex. This complex intermediate has the structure of a Schiff base. Two methods are described for the quantitative determination of this complex: 1. Reduction of the enzymatically active Schiff base with borohydride to an inactive secondary amine (irreversible). 2. Addition of cyanide to the Schiff base intermediate forming an inactive aminonitrile derivate (reversible). The amount of the complex present can be calculated by the percentage of inactivation of the original enzyme activity. The number of active sites of transaldolase can be evaluated by measuring the specific incorporation of radioactive compounds with known specific activity into the complex intermediate. With two different methods the number of combining sites of transaldolase from Candida utilis for fructose-6-phosphate has been found to be one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 201 (1964), S. 125-147 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The optical method of Otto Warburg as well as other physical methods like fluorimetry, polarimetry,ph-stat-titrimetry among others, are nowadays preferred for activity determination of enzymes. These procedures which can be facilitated by direct recording have the advantage of a continuous registration of a course of a reaction and a direct determination of enzyme activities. The application of such direct physical methods has been extended by Warburg by the preparation and application of pure enzymes, which can be used in coupled tests for a chemical coupling of an enzyme of unknown activity with a so called indicator enzyme, the activity of which can directly be measured. By use of another accessory enzyme, a three-fold analytical enzyme sequence can be developed. The theoretical basis for enzyme determination is the proportionality of reaction rate and enzyme concentration. According to the theory of Michaelis and Menten, proportionality can be found either with optimal substrate concentration, or with very small substrate levels, and furthermore, empirically by time measurement of a fixed substrate utilization. — The activity of enzymes is expressed for standard conditions in international units. An international unit is the amount of enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of 1 μMole substrate or 1 μEquivalent of a reacting group or split bondage, resp. the production of 1μMole product per minute.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die optische Methode von Otto Warburg sowie andere physikalische Meßverfahren wie die Fluorimetrie, die Polarimetrie, die Titrimetrie bei stationäremph (ph-Stat) und andere Methoden werden heute bevorzugt zur Aktivitätsbestimmung von Enzymen herangezogen. Diese Verfahren, durch Anschluß registrierender Schreiber erleichtert, haben gegenüber den klassischen chemisch-analytischen Verfahren den Vorteil einer fortlaufenden Darstellung des Reaktionsablaufes und gestatten eine einfache Ablesung der Aktivität eines Enzyms als Maß seiner katalytischen Wirksamkeit. Die Anwendung direkter Meßverfahren wurde von Warburg erweitert durch die Darstellung und Verwendung hochgereinigter, kristallisierter Enzyme, die in zusammengesetzten Tests zur chemischen Kopplung eines Enzyms unbekannter Aktivität an ein sogenanntes Indicator-Enzym eingesetzt werden, dessen Aktivität direkt gemessen werden kann. Durch Einschaltung eines weiteren Hilfsenzyms kann schließlich die analytische Enzymkette verdreifacht werden. Grundbedingung der Aktivitätsbestimmung ist die Proportionalität von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und Enzymkonzentration. Sie wird nach der Theorie von Michaelis und Menten entweder bei Substratüberschuß oder bei sehr kleinen Substratkonzentrationen, oder empirisch, unabhängig von dem Ordnungstyp der Reaktion, durch Zeitmessung eines festgelegten Substratumsatzes gefunden. Die enzymatische Aktivität wird für definierte Standardbedingungen in internationalen Einheiten ausgedrückt. Die internationale Einheit ist als die Enzym-Menge definiert, die die Umwandlung von 1 μMol Substrat oder 1 μÄquivalent einer reagierenden Gruppe oder gespaltenen Bindung bzw. das Auftreten von 1 μMol Produkt resp. μÄquivalent unter Standardbedingungen je Minute katalysiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pathways of glutamine metabolism in resting and proliferating rat thymocytes were evaluated by in vitro incubations of freshly prepared or 60-h cultured cells for 1-2 h with [U14C]glutamine. Complete recovery of glutamine carbons utilized in products allowed quantification of the pathways of glutamine metabolism under the experimental conditions. Partial oxidation of glutamine via 2-oxoglutarate in a truncated citric acid cycle to CO2 and oxaloacetate, which then was converted to aspartate, accounted for 76 and 69%, respectively, of the glutamine metabolized beyond the stage of glutamate by resting and proliferating thymocytes. Complete oxidation to CO2 in the citric acid cycle via 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase accounted for 25 and 7%, respectively. In proliferating cells a substantial amount of glutamine carbons was also recovered in pyruvate, alanine, and especially lactate. The main route of glutamine and glutamate entrance into the citric acid cycle via 2-oxoglutarate in both cells is transamination by aspartate aminotransferase rather than oxidative deamination by glutamate dehydrogenase. In the presence of glucose as second substrate, glutamine utilization and aspartate formation markedly decreased, but complete oxidation of glutamine carbons to CO2 increased to 37 and 23%, respectively, in resting and proliferating cells. The dipeptide, glycyl-L-glutamine, which is more stable than free glutamine, can substitute for glutamine in thymocyte cultures at higher concentrations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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