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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of political research 12 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-6765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of political research 15 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-6765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science
    Notes: Abstract. This review attempts to assess the validity and usefulness of the arguments of the so-called ‘International Regimes’ approach and the political-institutional view with respect to economic policy formation and economic performance. In particular, the works of Keohane and Krasner on the one hand, and of Katzenstein on the other are examined. It turns out that both viewpoints can largely contribute to a better understanding of why economic interdependence is such a vital factor for domestic politics and policies. At the same time it appears also to be evident that ‘corporatism’ can be an asset in weathering the effects of these growing international economic pressures. Yet both approaches have serious theoretical and methodological weaknesses. The concept of ‘International Regime’ remains too vague and, in addition, is empirically difficult to pin down. Moreover, it seems unable to account for much extant discord.‘Corporatism’ is also prone to these faults as well as tending to over explain certain developments, which may render cross-national differences in economic performance as incomprehensible. Notwithstanding these shortcomings, there is so much to build on that both approaches merit further attention and discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of political research 41 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-6765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science
    Notes: Abstract. This article attempts to refine the statement that federal states face difficulties in fiscal policy making because of the territorial division of powers by comparing two federal countries, Canada and Germany. These two countries differ in terms of their type of federalism: Canada displaying a power-separation system and Germany corresponding to a power-sharing type. According to the authors, the territorial factor influences fiscal policy making through the distribution of taxing and spending powers as well as through patterns of intergovernmental relations. The use of fiscal policy instruments and the likely effects on conflict and cooperation in those two countries is discussed with empirical evidence. The authors come to the conclusion that federalism is indeed a constraint on fiscal policy making, but that the two types of power division face different obstacles and deal differently with fiscal problems. In the power-separation system of Canada, the federal government has encompassing competencies to use fiscal policy instruments unilaterally and without restraint, but faces a lack of concerted action with the provinces which reduces its scope of action in fiscal policy making. In the power-sharing system in Germany, concerted action facilitates macroeconomic stabilisation strategies but the compulsory negotiation system distorts the use of fiscal policy instruments by distributive bargaining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of public policy 7 (1987), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0143-814X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Political Science
    Notes: A political-institutional explanation of the deteriorating labour market performance of the Netherlands during the economic crisis of the 1970s is suggested. By comparing the macroeconomic and labour market strategies of the Netherlands and full employment countries the economic feasibility of Dutch solutions to the unemployment problem is estimated. Dutch strategies turn out to have been of a fragile and contradictory character, while full employment countries could rely on rather coherent and consistent strategies. This difference in strategy-building is very likely a result of differences in the political-institutional structures of countries. The policy-making process in the Netherlands has been subject to political immobilism. Institutional ineffectiveness after the first oilcrisis, a balance-of-power situation, concertation without consensus and internal contradictions within the Christian Democratic party have resulted in the failure to control the labour market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of public policy 13 (1993), S. 135-162 
    ISSN: 0143-814X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Political Science
    Notes: AbstractThe role of semi-public intermediary institutions is underestimated in political research. This paper elaborates the dynamics of the interaction pattern of mission-agencies, promoting and conducting research in the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany. The principal-agent-model serves as the organizing theoretical concept. By stressing the role of the third party, usually neglected in the model, it is shown that intermediary agencies in policy-making are drawn into cooperative and almost symbiotic relationships with the recipients of programs. The use of intermediary agencies becomes a double-edged sword for policy-makers. While close relationships with the scientific community improve the acceptance of political research programs, the formulation of research policies becomes subject to compromise and coalition building within funding agencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 1249-1257 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies ; Monoklonale Antikörper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Monoklonale IgG-Antikörper lassen sich nunmehr im Kaninchen durch intravenöse Hyperimmunisation gegen Gruppen-Polysaccharide β-hämolytischer Streptokokken erzeugen. Zur Immunisation wird eine Vaccine hitzeinaktivierter und pepsinierter Streptokokken verwendet. Solche Antikörper erfüllen alle Kriterien der Einheitlichkeit: Sie wandern unter Elektrophoresebedingungen als scharf umschriebene Bande, ihre leichten Polypeptidketten wandern als eine oder zwei umschriebene Banden in Harnstoff-Polyacrylamidgelen, sie sind einheitlich hinsichtlich der Klassen-, Typen- und Allotypenzugehörigkeit, ihre variablen Teile charakterisieren sich durch antigene Individualspezifität, und aminoterminaler Edman-Abbau der leichten Ketten ergibt eine Aminosäure pro Abbauschritt. Diese Antikörper können somit den klassischen Immunglobulinsubstraten für Strukturstudien, den Bence Jones-Proteinen und Myelomglobulinen, als molekular gleichwertige Produkte gegenübergestellt werden. Es eröffnet sich damit die Möglichkeit, die Struktur-Funktions-Beziehung von Antikörpern eingehend zu untersuchen. Für die Induktion großer Mengen homogener Polysac-charid-Antikörper werden die einfache Struktur des Antigens, die intravenöse Immunisation, der wiederholte Kontakt mit identischem Antigen sowie Erbanlagen verantwortlich gemacht. Tatsächlich legen gezielte Züchtungsversuche im Kaninchen die Vermutung nahe, daß nicht nur die Höhe der Immunantwort, sondern auch ihre Qualität der Kontrolle durch Erbfaktoren untersteht.
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal anti-streptococcal group antibodies can readily be induced by intravenous hyperimmunization. A vaccine of heat-inactivated bacteria is used for immunization. Such antibodies show all the criteria of uniformity: electrophoretically, they migrate as sharp and narrow bands; their polypeptide light chains are restricted to one or two bands in polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis; they are homogeneous as to class, type and allotype; their variable regions exhibit individual antigenic specifity, and amino-terminal Edman degradation of the light chains yields a single amino acid residue per degradation step. These antibodies are therefore valuable counterparts to Bence Jones proteins and myeloma proteins. They allow for most detailed studies of the structure-function relationship of antibodies. The induction of high homogenous polysaccharide antibody levels depends on the following factors: the simple structure of the antigen; intravenous immunization; repeated contact with the identical antigen, as well as genetic factors. Breeding studies with such rabbits suggest that not only the magnitude but also the restriction of the immune response are under genetic control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 258 (1975), S. 363-365 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig.l The amino-terminal sequences of rabbit allotype b4ic light chains isolated from antibodies to the streptococcal polysaccharide. Solid lines indicate sequence identity to the leading sequence. Asx, undetermined asparagine residue. HV, marks the first hypervariable region14. For comparison a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single intransal applications of MTP-PE, a lipophilic muramyl peptide, induce tumouricidal and tumouristatic leucocytes in the lungs of rats. In ex vivo assays the tumouristatic activity was detectable for 8 days after drug administration. By separation of the effector cells on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients, it was shown that both neutrophils and macrophages are responsible for this activity. Using the B16/BL6 melanoma system in mice, there was a high survival rate after repeated intranasal applications of MTP-PE
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 25 (1972), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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