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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent advances in the aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Crytogenic fibrosing alveolitis is the commonest intersititial lung disease but, until recently, very little has been known about its aetiology. The histopathologist usually sees this disease at transbronchial biopsy or at autopsy. This article reviews the current knowledge of the aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis looking at possible infective, occupational, drug-related, smoking-associated, genetic and dietary factors. Knowledge of the possible roles of these factors in the disease process informs histopathologists when they are reporting these biopsies and enables them to make a larger contribution to defining the pathogenetic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01098.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence and associated factors of atopic dermatitis symptoms in rural and urban Ethiopia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), are increasingly becoming a clinical problem in developing countries.Objective We investigated the prevalence of AD symptoms and the effects of potential environmental aetiologies in rural and urban areas of Jimma in southwestern Ethiopia.Methods Information on allergic disease symptoms and lifestyle factors was gathered in an interviewer-led cross-sectional questionnaire-based population survey of 9844 urban and 3032 rural participants of all ages. A one-in-four subsample underwent skin prick testing for hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, mixed threshings, and aspergillus.Results Around 95% of those eligible took part in the survey. Lifetime cumulative prevalence of AD symptoms was generally low with an overall prevalence of 1.2%, but was higher in the urban (1.5%) than in the rural area (0.3%; odds ratio (OR)=4.45 [95% CI 2.34–8.47]). AD symptoms were strongly associated with wheeze (adjusted OR=22.03 [15.45–31.42]) and rhinitis symptoms (61.94 [42.66–89.95]). Of several environmental exposures assessed, residence in a house made of brick (rather than mud) walls with wooden (rather than clay) floor, exposure to cigarette smoke as a child, having lived outside of Jimma in the past, and being of the Tigrean ethnic group were associated with an increased risk of AD symptoms.Conclusion Although the overall prevalence of AD symptoms was low in this Ethiopian population, a marked urban–rural gradient was evident. Lifestyle factors linked to urbanization were associated with an increased risk of AD symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1946.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a role of HLA DRB1 alleles in the control of IgE levels, strengthened by interacting TCR A/D marker alleles (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: MHC class II alleles at human chromosome 6p21.1 and alleles in the TCR A/D locus at human chromosome 14q11.2 have been implicated in susceptibility to specific allergies and the modulation of total serum IgE. It has also been hypothesized that HLA and TCR allelic interactions may have a strong influence on predisposition to allergic disease.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveThis study was performed to investigate the influence of HLA-DRB and DQB1 alleles and D14S50 alleles (adjacent to TCR A/D locus on 14q11.2), individually and in-combination, on total serum IgE levels, and on the development of specific allergies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsWe performed an association study between HLA-DRB, HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms, D14S50 alleles, total serum IgE expression and specific allergies to house dust mite, grass pollens and cat fur. A sample of 181 individuals was drawn from a larger set of 2415 adults, sampled at random from a district in Nottingham.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsStrong association was observed between HLA-DRB1*0701 allele and high total serum IgE expression (P 〈 0.001). D14S50 alleles alone showed no evidence for independent association. However, there was a significant interaction between DRB1*0701 and D14S50 allele 170 such that, when both were present, there was a further increase in total serum IgE levels.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionThis study suggests that DRB1*0701 allele is involved in the modulation of total serum IgE, and that there is an interaction between DRB1*0701 and a marker adjacent to TCR A/D in the control of IgE expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00944.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steroid sparing effect of nedocromil sodium in asthmatic patients on high doses of inhaled steroids (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nedocromil sodium is a non-steroidal prophylactic agent developed for the management of asthma. We have assessed the steroid sparing potential of inhaled nedocromil sodium 4 mg four limes daily in a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study in 69 asthmatic subjects controlled on inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in the dose range 1000 2000 μg daily. Following a 4 week run-in period subjects added nedocromil sodium or placebo by metered dose inhaler to their usual medication for a further 4 weeks. The dose of inhaled steroid was then reduced at fortnightly intervals according to a predetermined schedule, with monitoring of asthma severity, symptom scores, bronchodilator use and peak flow recordings. Sixty subjects entered the steroid reduction phase and achieved median (range) % decreases in steroid dose of 80 (17-100)% with nedocromil sodium compared to 65 (0-100)% with placebo (P = 0.34) with 14 patients in the nedocromil sodium group and 10 in the placebo group being withdrawn completely from inhaled steroids. Subjective global assessment scores were significantly better with nedocromil sodium (mean 2.14) than with placebo (2.93; P〈0.02) though there was no difference between individual daily symptom scores. In this study therefore in asthmatic patients controlled on high doses of inhaled steroids, nedocromil sodium was well tolerated but the smalt differences in steroid sparing effect between nedocromil and placebo were not statistically significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00341.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case–control study of dietary and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in asthma (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased dietary ω-6 and reduced ω-3 fatty acid intake, may have contributed to the rising prevalence of asthma, but these hypotheses have not been tested in studies comparing both dietary intake and objective measures of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Objective To assess whether a higher intake of ω-6 or a lower intake of ω-3 fatty acids increases the risk of asthma, by measuring dietary fatty acid intake by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, as an objective biomarker of intake.Methods We have compared individual fatty acid intake estimated by FFQ and by mass spectrometry of fasting erythrocyte cell membranes in 89 cases of asthma and 89 community-matched controls.Results The odds of asthma were increased in relation to intake of the ω-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (odds ratio (OR) for difference between the 25th and 75th centiles of intake=1.89, 95% CI 1.15–3.11) and docosahexaenoic acid (OR=2.11, 95% CI 1.19–3.74). There was no evidence of any difference in erythrocyte membrane levels of ω-3 fatty acids, while the odds of asthma were reduced in relation to linoleic acid (ω-6) membrane levels (OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.95).Conclusion These findings suggest that dietary ω-3 fatty acids do not play a major role in protecting against asthma, and that higher levels of erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid are associated with a lower risk of asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02032.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association study of asthma and atopy traits and chromosome 5q cytokine cluster markers (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Linkage studies have provided evidence for the presence of gene(s) in the 5q cytokine cluster region which control total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration, and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). However, the identification of the gene(s) involved has been confounded by the lack of power of the published linkage studies and the presence of multiple candidate genes mapped to the region.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveTo define the important loci on 5q31-33 which are implicated in the control of total serum IgE and BHR through a case/control study of association.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsWe performed an association study between 11 polymorphic markers (spanning the region 5q31.1-33.1) and total serum IgE and BHR traits. A case/control sample of 181 individuals was drawn from a larger set of 2415 adults, sampled at random from a district in Nottingham, UK. Half of the subjects in this case/control sample were hyperreactive to methacholine and asthmatic (cases), while the other half were non-reactive and non-asthmatic (controls). Association analysis was performed using the non-parametric chi-squared and Mann–Whitney U-tests.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsWe observed no evidence of strong allelic association between any of the above markers and the studied traits. Markers D5S404, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and D5S210 showed evidence of borderline association with BHR (P = 0.04, 0.03 and 0.04 respectively), and D5S404 showed borderline significance with IgE levels (P = 0.029).〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsThis study presents evidence against the presence of a strong association between markers mapped to 5q31-33 and either BHR or total serum IgE. The significance of the weaker associations observed with markers D4S404, IRF-1 and D5S210 is not clear. Whether this represents a type I error secondary to multiple hypothesis testing or a true association is uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00229.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bronchial provocation testing (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02417.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral magnesium and vitamin C supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo-controlled trial (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Epidemiological studies suggest that higher intakes of dietary vitamin C and magnesium may be associated with a reduced risk of asthma.Objective To determine whether vitamin C or magnesium supplements improve the clinical control of asthma in primary care patients.Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel group trial of 16 weeks supplementation with 1 g/day vitamin C, 450 mg/day magnesium chelate or matched placebo. Three hundred patients aged 18–60 years with physician-diagnosed asthma, controlled with at least one dose of an inhaled corticosteroid daily, were recruited from 24 primary care practices in Nottingham, UK. The main outcome measures were change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, airway responsiveness to methacholine, mean morning and evening peak flow, symptom scores and bronchodilator use, both individually and as a combined summary statistic.Results There was no evidence of any beneficial effect of either supplement on any outcome measure of asthma control in the primary intention-to-treat analysis, or in an analysis restricted to participants who completed the study.Conclusions Regular dietary supplementation with vitamin C or magnesium adds no clinical benefit to current standard therapy of asthma in primary care patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01777.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheeze, allergic sensitization and geohelminth infection in Butajira, Ethiopia (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The effect of geohelminth infection on wheeze and allergen sensitization is inconsistent across different epidemiological studies.Objective To investigate the association between self-reported wheeze, self-reported asthma, allergic sensitization and geohelminth infection in urban and rural areas of Butajira, southern Ethiopia.Methods Questionnaire data on wheeze, asthma and a range of confounding variables was gathered in a cross-sectional study of 7649 people aged 5 years or more from the Butajira Rural Health Project database. Allergic skin sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and cockroach was measured, and a stool sample collected for qualitative and quantitative geohelminth analysis.Results Wheeze was weakly associated with allergic sensitization to D. pteronyssinus and cockroach (odds ratios (OR) 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.51, and 1.27, 95% CI 1.00–1.62, respectively). Self-reported asthma was related to sensitization to D. pteronyssinus only (OR 4.09, 95% CI 2.86–5.84). Geohelminths were present in 33.8% of participants, and the median egg load in infested individuals was 6 eggs/g. Overall, presence of any geohelminths was associated with a diminished risk of cockroach sensitization (adjusted OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68–0.99) but there were no significant protective effects of any geohelminth infection against wheeze or asthma.Conclusion In a developing country community with relatively low geohelminth prevalence and intensity, we found weak association between allergic sensitization and wheeze, but no evidence of a protective effect of geohelminths against wheeze or asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02181.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the effects of inhaled magnesium on airway reactivity to histamine and adenosine monophosphate in asthmatic subjects (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Magnesium is a cation with smooth muscle relaxant and anti-inflammatory effects and may therefore have a role in the therapy of asthma. Several studies have investigated the effects of intravenous magnesium in acute or stable asthma, but little is known about the effects of inhaled magnesium.Objective To measure the effects of a single inhaled nebulized dose of 180 mg magnesium sulphate on airway reactivity to a direct-acting bronchoconstrictor (histamine) and an indirect-acting bronchoconstrictor (adenosine monophosphate [AMP]) in asthmatic subjects.Objective Two separate randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies, each involving 10 asthmatic subjects. In the histamine study, airway reactivity to histamine was measured and lung function allowed to recover spontaneously over 50 min before administering nebulized magnesium sulphate or saline placebo. Airway reactivity to histamine was then measured at 5 and 50 min. In the AMP study, a single measurement of airway reactivity was made 5 min after magnesium or placebo.Results In the histamine study, the provocative dose required to reduce FEV1 by 20% (PD20FEV1) was significantly lower after magnesium than after placebo, by a mean (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.22–1.82) doubling doses at 5 min (P= 0.018), and 1.0 (0.3–1.7) doubling doses at 50 min (P= 0.01). In the AMP study, PD20FEV1 was also significantly lower at 5 min after magnesium than after saline, by 0.64 (0.12–1.16) doubling doses (P= 0.023), though this difference was not statistically significant after adjustment for differences in baseline FEV1 on the two study days.Conclusions Inhaled magnesium did not protect against the effects of these direct and indirect bronchoconstrictor stimuli in subjects with asthma, and may have increased airway reactivity to histamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00743.x
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