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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Clear Evaluation Criteria on Sex Bias in Judgments of Performance (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychology of women quarterly 7 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-6402
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Previous research indicates that the work of women is often devalued rela- tive to that of men. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that such sex bias appears when judges follow ambiguous guidelines or criteria in making evalua- tions, but not when they tollow clear evaluation guidelines. In each experiment, male and female undergraduates evaluated a performance that was attributed to either a man or woman (an intellectual test performance in Experiment I; an artistic craft object in Experiment 11). Subjects followed either clear, explicit evaluation criteria or vague, ambiguous criteria. As predicted, female subjects Lyaluated the “female's” performance less favorably than the “male's” only when. criteria were vague. In contast, male subjects showed little evidence of sex bias, regardless of the criteria they followed. Discussion centers upon: (1) possible cognitive processes underlying the observed effects of clear criteria; and (2) potential practical applications designed to alleviate sex bias in naturalistic settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1983.tb00846.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What you don't know can hurt you: The effects of performance criteria ambiguity on sex differences in self-confidence (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of personality 48 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Previous investigators have suggested that women display lower self-confidence than men across almost all achievement situations. The empirical validity of this suggestion is assessed in an experiment testing the hypothesis that performance evaluation guidelines moderate sex difference in self-confidence. Undergraduates read the guidelines by which their performance on an impending test would be evaluated. Guidelines were: ambiguous (A); clear—specifying the dimensions of performance to be examined, but not providing any examples of others' performance against which subjects' work would be compared (C); or clear with performance examples (CE). Subjects then completed the test and estimated how will they had done. Results showed the predicted pattern in conditions A and C: While women underestimated their actual performanće much more than men when guidelines were ambiguous, they did not do so when guidelines were clear. Further, the rise in self-confidence for women from conditions A to C was greater than that for men. Also as predicted, both sexes' self-confidence and performance were higher in condition C than in condition A. Finally, although condition CE was expected to depress only women's self-confidence and performance, both sexes showed this effect. It is concluded that sex differences in self-confidence are moderated by situation variables and that programs designed to reduce such differences might be improved by a greater focus upon women's response to clearly specifiable factors in achievement settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00836.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Sex Differences in Self-Confidence: The Influence of Comparison to Others' Ability Level (1983)
    New York, N.Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Sex Roles. 9:9 (1983:Sept.) 925 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-0025
    Topics: Archaeology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:v531-1983-009-09-000001
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex differences in self-confidence: The influence of comparison to others' ability level (1983)
    Springer
    Sex roles 9 (1983), S. 925-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigators have suggested that women display lower self-confidence than men in almost all achievement settings. The validity of this suggestion is assessed in an experiment testing the impact of comparison to others upon sex differences. Male and female undergraduates, who expected to cooperate in the future with a same-sex partner of high, average, or low ability, selected a difficulty level for an achievement test, completed the test, evaluated their own performance, and estimated their future partner's probable performance. As predicted, only when subjects' future partner was highly competent did women select an easier test than men, perform less well, and compare themselves less favorably to their partner. Also, women's, but not men's, self-evaluations depended upon their partner's ability level. It is concluded that sex differences are moderated by social comparison variables. Cognitive processes that may underlie such differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290054
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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