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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Frascati Tokamak Upgrade Thomson scattering system: The optical and spectral analysis equipments (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4403-4409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overall view of the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (F.T.U.) Thomson scattering system is illustrated and particular attention is paid to the optical and spectral analysis equipments. The system includes the laser source, the collection optics, a set of filter polychromators, all the electronic equipments necessary to collect the data relevant to the scattered light and to send them to the F.T.U. data acquisition system. The features of this system can be summarized as follows: rejection to laser wavelength: ≥107, laser energy: ≥5 J, overall optical efficiency: ≥40%, and capability of multiple time and space measurements on the Thomson scattered light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143741
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avalanche photodiodes operating parameter optimization for the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade Thomson scattering system (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 1201-1205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measured figures (linearity, avalanche gain, frequency response, and noise) of the avalanche photodiodes (APD) detectors used on the FTU Thomson scattering system (FTU-TS) are reported. This investigation on the APD figures is motivated by the necessity of knowing their values over a wide range of input signals, and also of checking the validity of McIntyre model of APD noise, since using this model the experimental signal-to-noise ratio is calculated. From the noise analysis, a method of optimization of the detection system sensitivity is derived, leading to the optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio over the entire FTU-TS system. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147903
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization and preliminary results of the collective Thomson scattering system on FTU tokamak : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1158-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A collective Thomson scattering (CTS) experiment is now installed on FTU aimed to measure the plasma ion temperature and test the theory of CTS. A high power 140 GHz gyrotron beam is focalized into the plasma center by means of a circular corrugated transmission line and an in-vessel optical system to a radius of 0.025 m. The scattered radiation is collected at 90° scattering angle by a symmetric in-vessel optical system and a low-power quasioptical transmission line which collects the scattered radiation on a superheterodyne receiver. Both in-vessel optical systems are placed in a vertical port. The receiver is based on 32 channels, 1.2 GHz global bandwidth, with a measured noise temperature Trec=1 eV and minimum integration time of 1 ms. The antenna decoupling measurement resulted about 60 dB, while the attenuation introduced by the collecting system is evaluated in 5 dB. The angle of the scattering wavevector and the magnetic field directions is 25°. The experiment is run at a magnetic field B=7.4–7.7 T, i.e., the gyrotron frequency is well below the first electron cyclotron emission (ECE) harmonic, so the ECE plasma background temperature is low and it is measured TECE=70–50 eV, respectively. The detected polarization is the ordinary mode. In this experiment the calculated signal is of the order of the ECE noise level. Indeed in a series of dedicated FTU runs, CTS signals with signal-to-noise consistent with calculation (made using standard formulas) were found. Some features of the detected scattered spectra are reported, as well as plasma radiation measurements in various plasma conditions including lower hybrid rf heating. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zeff spatial profiles from Bremsstrahlung emission in the near infrared spectral region : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 925-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurements of plasma radiation in the infrared (IR) BREM_IR range (λ=978 nm, Δλ=38 nm), at 16 horizontal lines of sight intersecting the central vertical chord of the [Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) R=0.935 m, a=0.3 m, B=4–8 T], from z=−0.22 m below, to z=0.08 m above the equatorial plane, are performed using the detection system of the Thomson scattering apparatus [F. Orsitto et al., Appl. Opt. 34, 2712 (1995)] (TS). The measured BREM_IR intensity is equal I(z)=〈ZeffGne2/Te1/2〉 where 〈〉 means line average. For determining the Zeff, the Gaunt factor (G) is needed, and the Born–Elwert formula is used. The Zeff spatial profiles are determined using the plasma temperature (Te) and density (ne) measured by the TS, DCN interferometer, and Abel inverted intensity profiles. Zeff(r) versus time behavior in FTU discharges is presented for krypton injection experiments aimed to investigate the particle confinement behavior during strong injection of impurities. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149462
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avalanche photodiodes operating parameter optimization for the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade Thomson scattering system (abstract) : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 699-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measured figures (linearity, avalanche gain, frequency response, and noise) of the avalanche photodiodes (APD) detectors used on the FTU Thomson scattering system (FTU-TS) are reported. This investigation on the APD figures is motivated by the necessity of knowing their values over a wide range of input signals, and also of checking the validity of McIntyre model of APD noise, since using this model the experimental signal-to-noise ratio is calculated. From the noise analysis, a method of optimization of the detection system sensitivity is derived, leading to the optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio over the entire FTU-TS system. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147910
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thomson scattering system on FTU tokamak: Calibration, operation, resultsa) (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 1167-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Frascati tokamak upgrade (FTU) Thomson scattering system is employed for the measurement of the electron temperature and density spatial profiles along the vertical torus diameter in 19 spatial points up to ten times in a single plasma discharge with a spatial resolution ranging from 2 cm in the central region to 4 cm in the plasma edge. The radiation source is a Nd:YLF laser at 1053 nm. The scattered radiation is collected by two objectives: the first looks at the plasma center, the second at the plasma edge. Bundles of optical fibers in the focal plane of the objectives carry the scattered light from the tokamak hall to a set of 19 interference filter polychromators, whose transmission is 70% and the rejection of the stray light at the laser wavelength is 1/107. The detectors are avalanche photodiodes with a NEP of the order of 10−13 W/(Hz)1/2 at 1053 nm. The absolute calibration for the electron density measurement has been carried out by Raman scattering on hydrogen and deuterium. Examples of temporal evolution of Te and ne spatial profiles are presented for ohmic plasma heating, lower hybrid current drive, and pellet injection experiment. A comparison between scattering data with interferometer for the density measurement, and ECE for the electron temperature shows agreement between the diagnostics. The system is controlled by two computers: a real-time computer for the laser settings, while the detection system parameters and data acquisition are managed using CAMAC by the data acquisition system (DAS) of FTU. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145999
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polychromators in the ultraviolet/infrared (350–750 nm) spectral range for high-resolution, high sensitivity plasma spectroscopy (abstract) : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 1027-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The necessity of measuring different impurity lines at the same time with a good spectral resolution and high sensitivity has led to the construction of two filter polychromators working in the range of 350/750 nm and detecting lines emitted by metals (Ni,Fe,Mo,Cr) as well as light impurities (O,He,C), respectively. The Hα line at 656.3 nm is detected by both devices, since it could be very important to compare the results of the measurements with data given by other diagnostics operating in the same spectral range.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147777
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thomson scattering system on FTU tokamak: Calibration, operation, results (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 500-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Frascati tokamak upgrade (FTU) Thomson scattering system is employed for the measurement of the electron temperature and density spatial profiles along the vertical torus diameter in 19 spatial points up to ten times in a single plasma discharge with a spatial resolution ranging from 2 cm in the central region to 4 cm in the plasma edge. The radiation source is a Nd:YLF laser at 1053 nm. The scattered radiation is collected by two objectives: the first looks at the plasma center, the second at the plasma edge. Bundles of optical fibers in the focal plane of the objectives carry the scattered light from the tokamak hall to a set of 19 interference filter polychromators, whose transmission is 70% and the rejection of the stray light at the laser wavelength is 1/107. The detectors are avalanche photodiodes with a NEP of the order of 10−13 W/(Hz)1/2 at 1053 nm. The absolute calibration for the electron density measurement has been carried out by Raman scattering on hydrogen and deuterium. Examples of temporal evolution of Te and ne spatial profiles are presented for ohmic plasma heating, lower hybrid current drive, and pellet injection experiment. A comparison between scattering data with interferometer for the density measurement, and ECE for the electron temperature shows agreement between the diagnostics. The system is controlled by two computers: a real-time computer for the laser settings, while the detection system parameters and data acquisition are managed using CAMAC by the data acquisition system of FTU. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146329
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of ZEFF spatial profiles from bremsstrahlung emission in the visible and near infrared spectral region : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 1024-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurement of plasma radiation (i.e., breusstrahlung) in the infrared (IR) range (λ=933, 978 nm), at six lines of sight from z=−20 cm to z=8 cm above the equatorial plane, using the detection system of the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) Thomson scattering system (TSS) are reported. The agreement of IR with visible (λ=540 nm) bremsstrahlung intensity S, [S=photons/(m2 sr nm s)] measurements is within 20%–30% and depends upon the absolute calibration of both systems. The intensity is equal S(z)=〈ZeffGn2/Te1/2〉, where 〈⋅〉 means average on a line of sight. For determining the Zeff the Gaunt factor(G) is needed, and analysis the Born–Elwert formula is used. The Zeff spatial profiles (i.e., Zeff(r)), are determined using the plasma temperature (Te) and density (ne) measured by the TSS and the Abel inverted intensity profiles, determined using the plasma radiation S(z) measured from six horizontal chords. Zeff(r) behavior in a variety of FTU discharges is presented. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147776
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