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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 1947-1955 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new microcomputer-controlled instrument has been developed for making measurements of thermomechanical behavior of polymeric fibers and yarns under conditions relevant to high-speed industrial fiber processing. The instrument can apply extension and/or twist, and rapid heating or cooling in the temperature range 20–300 °C, while tension and torque are measured. Particular novel features are: a temperature control device providing heating or cooling at rates up to 103 K/s; a new form of high-sensitivity torque transducer with resolution of 10−9 Nm; and computer integration of extension, twist, and temperature. The instrument provides an unprecedented degree of flexibility in the design of thermomechanical tests. It is suitable not only as a versatile research tool for material property measurements relevant to processes such as spinning, heat setting, and thermobonding of fibers, but also as a convenient tester for use in quality control on fibers and yarns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 695-715 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La températureT m et l'enthalpie de fusion ont été mesurées sur des cristaux à chaines repliées de fractions de polyoxyéthyléne, de masse moléculaire variant entre 3000 et 10000. Ces cristaux sont constitués par des molécules repliées un nombren entier de fois et ils ont une stabilité thermique inhabituelle. La vitesse de dépliement des chaines a été mesurée lots de la croissance isotherme des cristaux et du chauffage consécutif et l'on a pu définir un critère de stabilité pour des cristaux à chaines repliées. En étendant la théorie deFlory etVrij aux cristaux à chaines repliées et en utilisant les valeurs deT m on a pu estimer les contributions respectives des bouts de chaine et des repliements à l'énergie libre superficielle. Les résultats suggèrent un couplage important, par liaison hydrogène entre les groupes terminaux OH lorsque la surface des cristaux est constituée entièrement de bouts de chaine, l'énergie de couplage étant de 3,1 Kcal/mole. Ce couplage disparait pratiquement par le rephement des chaines. L'analyse des résultats permet aussi d'estimer la longueur des bouts de chaines et celle des repliements qui émergent du réseau cristallin: ils sont formés, respectivement de 2,8 et 3,5 unités de monomère, en moyenne. Les repliements sont serrés et relient des positions adjacentes du réseau. On déduit finalement une expression deT m en fonction de la longueur des chaines et den, paramètres qui déterminent l'épaisseurL du cristal. La comparaison critique de cette relation avec celle généralement utilisée pour déterminer l'énergie libre superficielle, impliquant une variation linéaire deT m avec 1/L, montre que cette dernière ne s'applique en toute rigueur qu'aux chaines de longueur infinie et aux cristaux d'épaisseur supérieure à une valeur critiqueL*.
    Notes: Summary Melting temperatureT m and enthalpy of fusion have been measured, by DSC, for folded chain crystals of low molecular weight poly(ethylene-oxide) fractions ranging from 3000 to 10000. These crystals are formed by molecules folded a small integer number,n, of times and show unusual thermal stability on heating. The rates of chain unfolding during isothermal crystal growth and subsequent heating were measured and a reliable stability criterion could be defined for folded chain polymer crystals. Extending the theoretical treatment ofFlory andVrij to folded chain crystals and usingT m data, a reasonable estimate was derived for the respective surface free energy contributions of chain ends and chain folds. The results suggest considerable hydrogen bonding between OH end groups, with a bonding energy of 3.1 Kcal/mole, when the crystal surface contains only chain ends. Hydrogen bonding is essentially destroyed by chain folding. Further analysis leads to an estimate of the contour length of cilia, associated with chain ends and to that of chain folds containing, on average, 2.8 and 3.5 monomer units respectively. Chain folds must thus be sharp involving adjacent re-entry. Finally, an analytical expression is derived showing the separate dependence ofT m on chain length andn, parameters which determine the crystal thicknessL. Critical comparison of this relationship to that commonly used for determining surface free energies from linearT m vs 1/L plots shows that the latter only applies accurately to chains of infinite length and to crystals of thickness larger than a critical valueL*.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 27 (1988), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Thermalstress ; linear-viscoelasticsolid ; numerical prediction ; cooling ; polymer processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simplethermoelastic method is proposed, and justified, for predicting stresses arising during cooling of a linearviscoelastic solid. It is equivalent to representing the material by an array of spring-switch thermoelastic elements. The final stress resulting from an increment of strain is calculated using isochronal modulus data applying to the temperature at which the strain was applied, modified to accommodate temperature dependence of the limiting moduli. The method is exact for a material whose relaxation times and limiting moduli scale uniformly with change in temperature, with time-temperature shift factora T obeying the Arrhenius equation, cooled such that reciprocal absolute temperature is linear in time. For other cooling sequences it is useful as an approximation. In particular, it assists the computational prediction of stresses arising during cooling in polymer processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 928-940 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Alternative theories for the origin of the high temperature,α-relaxation in oriented linear polyethylene are compared with experiment. Theα-mechanism is assumed to be simple shear by all theories which differ in the allocation of the shear plane. The theories take the shear plane to be the interlamellar surface (theory I), a crystal plane of type (hk0) (theory IIA), a crystal plane of type (h00) (theory IIB). The experiments comprise measurements of the creep tensile compliance D(t) on oriented specimens at angles 0°, 45° and 90° to the draw axis. The crucial test involves the examination of specimens with approximately the same crystallographic orientation (determined by wide-angle X-ray diffraction) but differing orientation of lamellar normals. The analysis is based on the Reuss, constant stress hypothesis. It is shown that with this assumption, only theory I agrees with experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 100-108 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A two-phase composite laminate model is proposed for representing biaxially oriented sheets of linear polyethylene. Thermoelastic analysis of the model yields predictions of the complete elastic and thermal expansion anisotropy. These predictions are compared with experimental measurements of elastic compliance and thermal expansivity obtained with the same oriented sheets. Using only one adjustable parameter (Poisson's ratio of non-crystalline linear polyethylene), extensive qualitative agreement is obtained between model predictions and experimental results. Discrepancies which are observed are attributed to the influence of the interfacial regions which exist between adjacent stacks of lamellar crystals in the real oriented sheets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 1123-1135 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermal expansion of linear polyethylene in both macroscopically isotropic and single-crystal texture forms was measured between 0 and −190° C. Results are interpreted by treating the semicrystalline polymer as a simple two-phase composite material. The single-crystal texture specimen was prepared by drawing with constant width at 121° C followed by annealing, giving unique preferred orientations of each of the three crystal axesa, b andc (c parallel to the draw directionZ, a parallel to the sheet normalX andb parallel toY, the normal to the thin edge of the sheet). The thermal expansions parallel toX, Y andZ follow approximately the thermal expansions ofa, b andc vectors of the unit cell as determined by X-ray diffraction. An attempt is made to allow for the contribution to thermal expansion from amorphous regions, representing the oriented solid by a simple model in which crystal and amorphous regions are coupled in series in the draw direction and in parallel in the two perpendicular directions. This analysis requires the thermal expansion of amorphous polyethylene which was obtained by extrapolation of thermal expansion measurements on ten isotropic specimens whose crystal volume fractions lay between 0.81 and 0.49. It was observed that the single crystal texture specimen of crystal fraction 0.80 and an isotropic specimen of the same crystal fraction on cooling changed in volume by equal amounts. This fact together with the observation that the thermal expansion parallel toY of the single crystal texture specimen is equal to that of the isotropic specimen leads to important conclusions concerning the existence of microstresses in linear polyethylene caused by a change of temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 2064-2066 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1707-1721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We continue a previous study of the α and α′ mechanical relaxation processes in oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) by means of heat-setting experiments on drawn filaments between room temperature and the melting region. Both processes were exhibited in both torsion and bending deformations, but heat setting was found consistently to be greater in bending than in torsion: this was accounted for by the known anisotropy of the α relaxation. In both modes of deformation, increasing strain level gave reduced recovery, and results suggested this arose from high stresses activating at room temperature the stress relaxation mechanisms, which at low stresses occurred only at elevated temperatures (α if as-drawn, α′ if preset). Results were found to be independent of whether blown air or stirred oil was used as heat transfer medium, in contrast to some previous reports in the literature; the reason lay in differences in the precise sequences of deformation and temperature employed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A scheme is presented for characterizing multiaxial nonlinear viscoelasticity of solid polymers in a manner suitable for application to the prediction of deformation of polymeric parts. The basis of the scheme is the systematic exploitation of simplifications resulting from: (1) restrictions on the class of stress histories considered, (2) material symmetry (e.g., isotropy), and (3) the nature of viscoelastic nonlinearity in any given material. Several classes of stress history are considered. In the special case of inplane response of an isotropic material to a two-dimensional proportional loading history, it is shown that the nonlinearity can be expressed through the dependences of compressibility B and shear compliance J on two invariants of the stress history: I1 and I2′, which separately characterize the magnitudes of hydrostatic and deviatoric components of the stress tensor. When this approach is applied to the description of biaxial creep and recovery of isotropic polypropylene, it is found that for strains up to 0.012, B is independent of I1 and I2′, while J is linearly related to I1 and I2′. These results are used to predict axial strain and hoop strain in the wall of a pressurized pipe, and the predictions compared with those obtained with three approximate procedures.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2613-2623 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Drawn fibers of polypropylene have been shown to undergo spontaneous stiffening during storage for several weeks at room temperature after being quenched from higher temperatures below the melting region. The effect occurs in both drawn and undrawn fibers and does not depend on the details of heat treatment prior to the quench. Stress relaxation and density data are in quantitative agreement with an explanation in terms of a gradual collapse of free volume during storage. The effect appears to be identical to “physical aging” previously observed in isotropic molded samples of polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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