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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forces applied during laryngoscopy and their relationship with patient characteristics (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between patients' height, weight, age, body mass index, gender and presence of maxillary incisors and a series of laryngoscopic factors have been studied. These included the duration of laryngoscopy, maximally applied force, mean applied force and the integral of force over time. There was a positive correlation between height and weight and laryngoscopic factors. Sex and age also showed a positive correlation but these could be explained by differences in height, weight and the presence of maxillary incisors. This latter factor was the dominant patient characteristic influencing the measured laryngoscopic factors. Use of these laryngoscopic factors as a measure of difficulty of laryngoscopy is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02334.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reshaping the Macintosh blade using biomechanical modelling#A prospective comparative study in patients (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that during routine use of the Macintosh blade, great forces are exerted on the maxillary incisors. The aim of this study was, by using biomechanical modelling, to modify a standard Macintosh blade in order to reduce these forces. This resulted in a Macintosh blade with a reduced proximal flange. Five anaesthetists performed tracheal intubation in 46 patients using the modified (n =24) or the standard blade (n = 22). The mean (SD) maximal forces exerted on the maxillary incisors were 12.7 (8.8) N in patients in the modified Macintosh group compared to 25.5 (17.8) N in the standard Macintosh group (p =0.008). These results demonstrate that reducing the proximal step of the Macintosh laryngoscope results in a reduction of the forces exerted on the teeth and suggest that laryngoscope blades with a high proximal step might be more traumatic than blades in which the proximal step is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.134-az0133.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of mechanical cleaning and thermal disinfection on light intensity provided by fibrelight Macintosh laryngoscopes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The increased use of thermal decontamination procedures for fibrelight laryngoscope blades, to comply with international guidelines, will have considerable economical effects. We evaluated the effect of mechanical cleaning plus thermal disinfection at 90°C, with or without subsequent steam sterilisation at 134°C, on light intensity provided by fibrelight laryngoscopes. After mounting the blades in a special frame with a built-in light source, light intensity was measured using radiometer/photometer. In total, 14 blades provided by 11 companies were tested. The majority of fibrelight laryngoscope blades were fairly resistant to the damaging effects of machine washing plus disinfection at 90°C (mean [range] reduction in light intensity 34.6%[2.1–78.3%]). However, when exposed to an additional sterilisation procedure at 134°C, the majority of blades were unable to withstand the combined treatment for 300 cycles (mean [range] reduction in light intensity 86.5%[32.0–98.7%]). This study stresses the need for fibrelight laryngoscope blades which are more resistant to thermal decontamination procedures than those available at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03124.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Right- or left-handed laryngoscopy? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01378-9.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of drugs to the nasal passages (1998)
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.537u-az0584u.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forces acting on the maxillary incisor teeth during laryngoscopy using the Macintosh laryngoscope (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We determined the forces on the maxillary incisors during routine laryngoscopy in 65 adult patients. The forces were measured by a strain gauge based sensor positioned between the handle and the blade of the laryngoscope. The mean maximal force acting on the maxillary incisors was 49 N. In patients without maxillary incisors, the force acting on the gums was significantly lower at 21N (p 〈 0.001). These results suggest that, despite traditional advice to the contrary, a levering movement of the laryngoscope, using the maxillary incisors (or gums) as a fulcrum, is common practice. Biomechanical analysis revealed that, although levering is not the preferred movement, it is an efficient way of bringing the glottis into view. These results may have implications for future laryngoscope design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04358.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of forces during laryngoscopy (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The forces transmitted by the laryngoscope blade onto the base of the tongue are assumed to be a major cardiovascular stimulus. This study investigates the various forces applied onto a Macintosh laryngoscope during laryngoscopy. The forces acting along the axis of the handle are described, as well as the forces exerted by the anaesthetist to prevent the laryngoscope from turning. Based on a relatively simple technique, a modified laryngoscope has been designed to measure these forces. Four different laryngoscopic parameters are determined: (1) the duration of laryngoscopy, (2) the maximally applied force, (3) the mean force and (4) the integral of the force over the time (area under the curve). The force measurements of 49 anatomically normal patients undergoing uncomplicated intubation are included in the study. The duration of laryngoscopy was 16.3s (SD 11.8), the applied peak force was 35N (SD 12) and mean force necessary was 20N (SD 6) while the force-time integral was 324N (SD 194).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02180.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular effects of forces applied during laryngoscopy (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between the forces applied during laryngoscopy and cardiovascular changes were studied in patients undergoing laryngoscopy with or without intubation. This enabled us to differentiate between the cardiovascular effects of laryngoscopy and the effects of tracheal intubation. The forces applied during laryngoscopy were only weakly related to the cardiovascular changes, whereas tracheal intubation had a major influence. The many difficulties encountered in interpreting results from these studies are discussed. It is concluded that tracheal intubation causes more cardiovascular changes than laryngoscopy in routine uncomplicated procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb04195.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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