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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Iron Binding Compounds as Inhibitors of Gas and Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum in Ground Pork (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 48 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Iron binding systems (heme iron binding gases alone or with iron binding salts) were evaluated for antibotulinal activity in ground pork. Compared with meat systems containing nitrite or nitrite plus supplemental iron compounds, carbon monoxide (CO) was not antibotulinal. Nitric oxide (NO) treated meats did swell slower, but nitrite was also found in these systems. Thus, neither CO nor NO would be suitable substitutes for sodium nitrite in meat curing. Addition of ferric chloride or myoglobin decreased the antibotulinal effectiveness of nitrite, but samples containing nitrite plus ethylene-diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) or denatured nitrosylated myoglobin (NOMb) swelled slower. Supplemental iron compounds probably decreased residual nitrite levels in the product, thus permitting botulinal growth, rather than directly stimulating growth by providing iron as an external nutrient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb03513.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of plant phenology on the insect herbivore/bittercress interaction (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cardamine cordifolia ; Cruciferae ; Herbivory ; Insect-plant interactions ; Phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that generally higher levels of herbivory on bittercress in sun vs in shade, especially by leaf miners, were related to the earlier phenological development of plants in the sun. Naturally-occurring plants in the sun were taller and had longer leaves than did those in the shade during the first three weeks of the growing season, which corresponded with the timing of adult fly oviposition. We divided individual bittercress plants from the sun into three parts: one part was transplanted into willow shade immediately after snow melt; the other two parts were replanted in the sun and one of these was sprayed with insecticide. The transplant experiment had two primary results. First, bittercress transplanted into the shade suffered significantly higher levels of insect damage than either treatment in the sun. Leaf-mining in the shade also increased and equalled that observed in the sun. These results strongly support the phenology hypothesis; higher damage in the sun is due, at least in part, to the earlier development of plants in sun vs in shade early in the season. Second, the ramets with the greatest damage, e.g. the shade treatment, initiated significantly fewer rosettes than did ramets in the other two treatments. The decrease in vegetative reproduction may have been due to the direct effects of increased insect herbivory on these shade plants. This result is particularly interesting because so little information is available on below-ground, vegetative reproductive response to chronic, above-ground foliage loss to native herbs caused by insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378247
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbivory by leaf miners in response to experimental shading of a native crucifer (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 559-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Cardamine cordifolia ; Environmental gradient ; Insect-plant interactions ; Montane ; Plant population dynamics ; Scaptomyza nigrita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that light intensity was the direct, proximal mechanism causing significantly higher vulnerability of Bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray) clones in the sun to herbivory by a leaf-mining fly (Scaptomyza nigrita Wheeler). Clones in the sun were experimentally shaded. Plant performance and losses to leaf miners were compared to controls in the sun and natural willow shade. Leaf-mining damage was significantly higher on artificially-shaded plants (P〈0.01), opposite of our expectation. Shading sun plants shifted their growth pattern toward that of naturally-shaded plants. No significant differences were detected in leaf water status or glucosinolate concentrations, eliminating water stress and variation in defensive posture for mediating the between habitat differences in levels of herbivory. Although soluble sugars varied significantly, they were higher in sun than either shade treatment. Total and free amino nitrogen concentrations were highest in the artificially-shaded plants and lowest in naturally-occurring sun plants. Adult flies were more abundant on sun and on artificially-shaded plants than on naturally-shaded plants. Thus, relative abundance of ovipositing flies in the sun-exposed area, combined with the higher nitrogen availability in artificially-shaded plants, form the most plausible hypothesis for factors mediating the experimentally documented pattern of herbivory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776420
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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