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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible person-to-person transmission of Escherichia coli O111 – associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (1997)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 11 (1997), S. 36-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Hemolytic uremic syndrome ; Epidemiology ; Escherichia coli O111 ; Disease outbreaks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract .Over a 3-month period, ten children (aged 1–13 years) from a 15-km radius in southern Picardy developed typical D+ hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Polymerase chain reaction, using two pairs of verocytotoxin 1-(VT1) and VT2-specific oligonucleotide primers and an internal control was used to detect VT genes directly from stools samples. VT2 gene was detected in seven of nine patients’ stools and in 5 of 14 contacts’ stool samples. A VT2-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O111 was isolated from five of nine children’s stools and in 3 adults’ stools of the 14 tested. A retrospective case-control study was performed which showed a higher rate of absence in school A, where the first four cases were detected, compared with a control school. The odds ratio for the whole school was 2.77 (confidence interval 1.46 – 5.26), and 15 (confidence interval 2.54 – 115.6) if only the nursery classes were considered. A culture of all food samples from households was always negative for VTEC. A retrospective cohort study performed in 89% of children attending school A showed no linkage between food or drink and gastroenteritis. These findings emphasize the potential for person-to-person transmission of VT2-producing E. coli O111, since the only salient risk factor was close contact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004670050229
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On acrylonitrile polymerization in the presence of zinc salts (1977)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 7 (1977), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Полимеризация акрилонитрила, фотоинициированная пиреном при 365 нм и/или АИБН в присутствии солей цинка и в растворе N,N-диметнлформамида была исследована методом вращающегося сектора. Было найдено, гто отношение констант роста и обрыва (kp/kt) увеличивается при добавлении солей цинка (его хлорида, нитрата, ацетата). Это увеличение наиболее явно выражено для полимеризации акрилонитрила, фотоинициированной АИБН. Эти результаты подтверждают уже ранее предложенное соображение о том, что хлорид цинка принимает участие как на ступени инициирования, так и на ступени роста цепи в процессе подимеризации акрилонитрила, фотоинициированной ароматическими утлеводородами.
    Notes: Abstract Acrylonitrile polymerization photoinitiated at 365 nm by pyrene and/or azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of zinc salts in N,N-dimethylformamide solution has been studied by the rotating sector method. It was found that the ratio of the rate constants for propagation and termination (kp/kt) increases on addition of zinc salts (chloride, nitrate, acetate). This increase was more pronounced for the azobisisobutyronitrile photoinitiated polymerization of acrylonitrile then for its pyrene photoinitiated polymerization. The results confirm the previously expressed view concerning the dual role of zinc chloride in initiation as well as in propagation steps of acrylonitrile polymerization photoinitiated by aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02068547
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of butyl acrylate in microemulsion. Locus of initiation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der mit wasserlöslichem Ammoniumperoxodisulfat, teilweise wasserlöslichem Azoisobutyronitril oder fettlöslichem Dibenzoylperoxid initiierten Mikroemulsionspolymerisation von Butylacrylat wird der Ort der Initiierung fast ausschließlich von der Löslichkeit des Initiators in der jeweiligen Phase des Reaktionssystems, unabhängig von dessen Gesamtcharakter, bestimmt. Dies ergab der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Mikroemulsionspolymerisation mit denen von Invers-Mikroemulsionspolymerisationen. Die Polymerisationen wurden in Gegenwart von stabilen Nitroxyl-Radikalen unterschiedlicher Wasserlöslichkeit als Inhibitoren durchgeführt. Die Abnahme der Inhibitorradikale infolge der Reaktion mit den bei der Spaltung des Initiators entstehenden Radikalen wurde mittels Elektronenspinresonanz-Spektroskopie verfolgt.
    Notes: The locus of initiation in the microemulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate initiated by water-soluble ammonium peroxodisulfate, partially water-soluble azoisobutyronitrile and oil-soluble dibenzoyl peroxide is determined almost exclusively by the initiator solubility in respective phases of the reaction system, regardless of the overall character of the system. This conclusion was drawn taking into account the results of the microemulsion study in comparison with those from inverse microemulsion polymerizations. The polymerization experiments were carried out in the presence of stable nitroxyl radicals acting as polymerization inhibitors of different solubility in water. The consumption of the inhibitor radicals by the combination with radicals from initiator decomposition was followed by electron spin resonance spectrometer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052360104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate. 8. Effect of the emulsifier type on the copolymer compositionPart 7: Ref. [18] (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 39 (1988), S. 142-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Emulsionscopolymerisation bei 60°C wurden statistische Copolymere von Acrylnitril und Butylacrylat synthetisiert. Die Kurven der momentanen Zusammensetzung der Copolymere weisen hohe Werte bei niedrigem Umsatz und ein schwach ausgeprägtes Minimum bei mittlerem Umsatz auf. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden anhand der Verteilung der Monomere zwischen Ölphase und wäßriger Phase diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, daß die parallel mit dem koagulativen Keimbildungsprozeß in der wäßrigen Phase ablaufende homogene Polymerisation wesentlich zum gesamten Polymerisationsmechanismus beiträgt.
    Notes: Random copolymers of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate are synthesized by emulsion copolymerization at 60°C. The instantaneous copolymer composition curves show high values at low conversion and a less pronounced minimum at medium conversion. The experimental data are discussed in terms of the monomer partition between the oil phase and the aqueous phase. It is proposed that the homogeneous polymerization proceeding in the aqueous phase parallel with the coagulative nucleation process contributes significantly to the whole polymerization mechanism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1988.010390313
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate. 3. Kinetic studies (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 39 (1988), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die mit Ammoniumpersulfat initiierte Emulsionscopolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat und Ethylacrylat wurde in Gegenwart von sowohl anionischen als auch kationischen Emulgatoren untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit der Leitfähigkeit vom Umsatz wird durch eine Kurve mit einem Minimum bei etwa 30% beschrieben. Die Abhängigkeit der Zahl der Polymerteilchen vom Umsatz zeigt ein Maximum bei 50%. Die Teilchengröße nimmt mit steigendem Umsatz zu, insbesondere im Bereich niedriger Umsätze. Ein starker Anstieg der Leitfähigkeit nach 40 bis 50% Umsatz ist wahrscheinlich sowohl auf die geringe Affinität des anionischen Emulgators zur Oberfläche der Polymerteilchen im Vergleich zum nichtionischen Emulgator als auch auf die Abnahme der Gesamtoberfläche der Teilchen zurückzuführen. Infolgedessen sind die meisten zur Leitfähigkeit beitragenden Spezies in der wäßrigen Phase konzentriert.
    Notes: The emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate initiated by ammonium persulfate in the presence of both anionic and nonionic emulsifiers was investigated. The dependence of conductance on conversion is described by a curve with a minimum at conversion about 30%. The dependence of the number of polymer particles on conversion is described by a curve with a maximum at 50% conversion. The particle size increases with increasing conversion especially at the low conversion range. A sharp increase in conductance with conversion after 40 or 50% conversion is probably due to both the lower affinity of anionic emulsifier to the polymer particle surface compared to that for the nonionic emulsifier and to the decrease of the total polymer particle surface. Due to these phenomena the most conductive species are concentrated within the aqueous phase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1988.010390503
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 42 (1991), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die durch Ammoniumperoxodisulfat initiierte Emulsionspolymerisation von Butylacrylat in Gegenwart von Poly(ethylacrylat)-Saatpartikeln wurde kinetisch untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit der Partikelendzahl von der Initiatorkonzentration weicht von den für die Emulsionspolymerisation vorausgesagten Werten ab. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit nimmt mit zunehmender Monomerkonzentration ab. Das beobachtete Polymerisationsverhalten wird damit erklärt, daß die Polymerisation sowohl in den monomergequollenen Emulgatormizellen als auch in den monomergequollenen Polymerteilchen erfolgt.
    Notes: The emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate initiated by ammonium peroxodisulfate in the presence of poly(ethyl acrylate) seed particles was kinetically investigated. The dependence of the final particle number on the initiator concentration deviates from the predictions of emulsion polymerization. The rate of polymerization decreases with increasing monomer concentration. The polymerization behaviour was explained by the polymerization in both the monomer-swollen emulsifier micelles and the monomer-swollen polymer particles.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1991.010420608
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photopolymerization. I. Photopolymerization of acrylonitrile in the presence of naphthalene and its derivatives (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 12 (1974), S. 327-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.130120604
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate. I. Effects of emulsifier and comonomer concentrations on the polymerization rate and copolymer composition (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 36 (1985), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Mechanismus der durch wasserlösliches Ammoniumpersulfat initiierten Copolymerisation von Acrylnitril und Butylacrylat bei 70°C wurde untersucht. Die gemessenen Werte der fraktionellen Umsetzung der Comonomere, der fraktionellen Copolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit, der momentanen und integralen Zusammensetzung der Copolymere und der momentanen Zusammensetzung der Monomermischung werden in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktionszeit (bzw. vom Umsatz) dargestellt. Zwischen der experimentell bestimmten Zusammensetzung und der mittels der integrierten Form der MAYO-LEWIS-Gleichung unter Verwendung von aus der Literatur bekannten Reaktivitätskonstanten berechneten Zusammensetzung der Copolymere wurde gute Übereinstimmung gefunden. Weiterhin werden die Masseanteile der Monomere und Polymere als Funktion der Comonomer- und Emulgatorkonzentration angegeben.
    Notes: The mechanism of the emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate at 70°C initiated by water-soluble ammonium persulfate has been investigated. Data of fractional conversion of the comonomers, fractional copolymerization rate, instantaneous and cumulative composition of the copolymer and instantaneous monomer feed composition as a function of the reaction time or conversion are presented. Good agreement was found between the experimentally measured compositions and those calculated according to the integrated form of the MAYO-LEWIS copolymer composition equation using published values for the copolymerization reactivity ratios. Values of the ratio of the weight fractions of monomer and polymer as a function of comonomer and emulsifier concentration are also reported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1985.010360402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate. IV. Estimated kinetic parameters of emulsion polymerizationPart III: Chemické zvesti 39 (1985) No 5 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 37 (1986), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Werte der kinetischen Grundparameter der Modelle von SMITH-EWART bzw. GARDON werden für das Interval1 I1 der Polymerisation angegeben. Die Rerechnungen wurden für die Reaktionssysteme Butylacrylat/Dowfax 2Al/Ammoniumpcrsulfat und Butylacrylat/Acrylnitril/Dowfax 2Al/Ammoniumpersulfat durchgeführt. Es wurden die Teilcherlzahl, der Teilchenradius, die Volumen-Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit und der Exponent der Massenkonzentration des Emulgators bestimmt. Die zuganglichen Meßwerte bestätigen, daß die Anwesenheit des Acrylnitrils eine Abweichung vom theoretisch vorausgesagten Verhalten bewirkt.
    Notes: Data on basic kinetic parameters of Smith-Ewart's and Gardon's models in the interval II of the polymerization are presented. The calculations were performed for butyl acrylate/Dowfax 2A1/ammonium persulphate and for butyl acrylate/acrylonitrile/Dowfax 2A1/ammonium persulphate reaction systems. The estimations include the number of particles, the particle radius, the rate of volume growth, and the power exponent for the weight concentration of surfactant. The available data confirm that the presence of acrylonitrile causes a deviation from theoretical predictions.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1986.010370402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methyl methacrylate copolymerization in the presence of a template (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 19 (1981), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.130190805
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