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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of rf bias on the superconducting and structural properties of rf magnetron sputtered NbN (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 59 (1986), S. 2905-2907 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The superconducting and structure properties of rf magnetron sputtered NbN films prepared at elevated substrate temperatures were investigated as a function of rf substrate bias. The superconducting transition temperature was observed to be independent of bias up to approximately −60 V after which it decreased and broadened. An increase of up to 60% in deposition rate over the unbiased case was observed. Substrate bias produced little effect on the low-temperature resistivity, resistivity ratio, and the film composition. The major structure change observed was a strong dependence of the preferred crystallite orientation on bias. At low bias the orientation was (200) which changed to (111) as the bias was increased. These materials are of excellent quality for use in all refractory tunnel junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336950
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural distortions of sputtered niobium nitride films (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 2053-2056 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural properties of NbN thin films have been investigated as a function of vacuum and rapid thermal annealing at temperatures to 1200 °C. X-ray diffraction data were analyzed using a least-squares fit to the cubic and monoclinic structures. Vacuum annealing resulted in a multiphase material with a reduced transition temperature for annealing temperatures above 900 °C. The rapid-thermal-annealed films showed improved electrical characteristics and reduced compressive stress inferred from the monoclinic distortion for all annealing temperatures. NbN thin films sputtered with a methane/nitrogen reactive gas ratio of approximately 0.3 exhibited a slightly distorted cubic lattice and low compressive stress compared to other films sputtered in different reactive gas mixtures. The higher-temperature rapid-thermal-annealed films have structural and electrical characteristics desirable for device fabrication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342874
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of barrier hydrogenation in NbN-based Josephson junctions (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 2586-2590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: NbN/Si/Nb tunnel junctions with hydrogenated amorphous silicon barriers were investigated for several hydrogen concentrations used during barrier deposition. Junctions with critical current densities exceeding 2 kA/cm2 were fabricated using the selective niobium anodization process junction isolation technique. The penetration depth of the NbN-base electrode material was determined to be 200 nm from the critical current magnetic field modulation period. Some junctions had figure of merit, Vm, values exceeding 40 mV which degraded with reduced junction size. Hydrogen doping of the silicon barrier produced little degradation in Vm for up to 50% of hydrogen in the argon-hydrogen sputter gas mixture. The barrier height, as determined by the Simmons model, increased with increasing hydrogen concentrations in the sputter gas, which is attributed to a decrease in the dangling bond density. Barrier heights of 40 to 350 mV were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337937
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermostability and decomposition of the (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 phase in silver-clad tapes (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 2385-2389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stability of the Bi2−xPbxSr2Ca2Cu3O10 (Pb-2223) phase contained in silver-sheathed oxide-powder-in-tube specimens has been investigated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Silver tubes loaded with Pb-2223 precursor powders were processed into tapes using established metallurgical techniques. The tapes were heat-treated in a specially designed equilibration apparatus at selected temperatures (800–845 °C) for a range of times (10–5500 min) and quenched in liquid gallium held at ∼40 °C. The results showed that the Pb-2223 phase is stable in a limited temperature interval between 810 and 830 °C in 7.5% oxygen. At 800 °C, this phase decomposes to Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (2212), Ca2PbO4, and CuO; while at temperatures ≥840 °C it partially melts with precipitation of Bi2Sr2CuO6 (2201) and Ca2CuO3. The effects of the silver cladding on the Pb-2223 phase stability and microstructure are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351581
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting and structure properties of niobium nitride prepared by rf magnetron sputtering (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 2538-2542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The properties of rf-magnetron-sputtered NbN have been investigated for substrate temperatures from 200°C to 750°C as a function of the partial pressure of methane introduced into the Ar–N2 sputtering gas mixture. The best films were prepared at elevated substrate temperatures with approximately 2% methane added to the sputter gas. These films also had resistivities approximately 70 μΩ cm. At lower substrate temperature, T∼200°C, the best attained Tc was approximately 13.3 K with a resistivity of 140 μΩ cm. The crystal structure of these materials was investigated using x-ray diffraction and Read x-ray photographs. Those films prepared with no added methane were found to be two-phase δ and ε NbN. The addition of a small amount of methane produced single δ phase NbN with a predominant (200) preferrential orientation. The δ phase lattice parameter was determined to vary approximately from 4.39 A(ring) to 4.45 A(ring) as the amount of methane was increased. The effect of hydrogen doping on NbN was to produce multiphase NbN with the ε, δ phases and some evidence of the β phase. These material properties are of importance for the design and fabrication of NbN electrode Josephson tunnel junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.335442
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magneto-optical imaging of flux patterns in multifilamentary (BiPb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox composite conductors (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 1270-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present a study of the superconducting morphology of the transport current carrying cross section of a 19-filament (BiPb)2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi-2223) composite conductor using magneto-optical imaging of magnetic flux patterns. In conjunction with electron microscopy on the same sample this technique allows a unique correlation of superconducting and microstructural properties. Direct evidence for enhanced superconducting properties in platelike regions along the silver/Bi-2223 interface and for weak properties near the core of the filaments is obtained. Misaligned grain colonies are found to cause an interruption of the superconducting continuity in the filaments. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113259
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of silver cladding on the formation and alignment of the (Bi2−xPbx)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ phase (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 690-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cross-section transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the interaction of silver with (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O phases during the formation of (Bi2−xPbx)Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223) in a silver-sheathed wire containing a powder composed of (Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) plus second phases. Observations of the interfacial regions of samples quenched at different stages of conversion revealed that (1) Bi-2212 is initially in direct contact with silver, with the (001) planes parallel to the interface; (2) an amorphous layer between Bi-2212 and silver appears during the induction period that precedes the conversion reaction; and (3) Bi-2223 is detected at the silver/powder interface hundreds of minutes before it begins to appear in regions of the powder away from the interface. The implications of these results are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110778
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction induced texture of (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ /Ag composite conductors (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 1039-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A considerable body of evidence collected on silver-sheathed (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223/Ag) composite conductors heat treated without any additional rolling or pressing (beyond fabrication of the initial composite) has revealed that significant texturing of the Bi-2223 grains occurs as the Bi-2223 formation reaction takes place. During heat treatment, Bi-2223 is produced via a reaction between Bi-2212 and second phases in the core of the composite. As the Bi-2223 forms, it develops texture by what appears to be a grain growth mechanism. These concurrent processes ultimately result in a well-textured, single-phase conductor even when no additional rolling or pressing is done to the initial composite. This observation raises important questions about the relative contributions of the heat treatment and deformation steps to texture development during conventional oxide-powder-in-tube processing of Bi-2223/Ag composite conductors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112145
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  • 9
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    Britain's Debt to French Rosarians (1940)
    London : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Contemporary Review. 158 (1940:July/Dec.) 86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0010-7565
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0274-1940-158-00-000012
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The paradox of quarrying in the northeastern megalopolis (1975)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 1 (1975), S. 67-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415532
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