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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of improved advice for farmers and advisers (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The MAFF Nitrate Programme has provided policy makers and the agricultural industry with a much improved understanding of soil nitrogen cycling, and the cost-effectiveness of a range of nitrate reduction strategies. This understanding has been disseminated as improved economically-based advice on fertilizer N inputs to arable and grass crops, and information on the N value of livestock manures as affected by timing and method of application. In addition, strategies for reducing nitrate losses have been developed, including the use of over-winter cover crops, the management of cultivations and crop residues, and the conversion of arable land to low-input grassland.A wide variety of information dissemination methods have been used, including face-to-face discussions, demonstrations, articles in the farming press, booklets aimed at farmers, technical information for advisers and consultants, recommendation reference books and computer-based fertilizer recommendation systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00221.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of water erosion on arable farms in England and Wales. 1990–94 (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The incidence of soil water erosion was monitored in 12 erosion-susceptible arable catchments (c. 80 fields) in England and Wales between 1990 and 1994. Factors associated with the initiation of erosion were recorded, and the extent of rills and gullies measured. Approximately 80% of the erosion events were on land cropped to winter cereals. In 30% of cases, the initiation of erosion was linked to valley floor features, which concentrated runoff. Poor crop cover, wheelings and tramlines were also assessed as contributory factors in 22%, 19% and 14% of cases, respectively. In c. 95% of cases rainfall events causing erosion were ≥10 mm day−1 and c. 80% were 〉15 mm day−1. Erosion was also associated with maximum rainfall intensities of 〉4 mm h−1 for c. 90% of cases and 〉10 mm h−1 for c. 20%. Mean net soil erosion rates were approximately 4 t ha−1 per annum (median value 0.41 t ha−1 per annum) and associated mean P losses 3.4 kg ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00181.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies to encourage better use of nitrogen in animal manures (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Research conducted in the MAFF Nitrate Programme has been used to formulate new and improved guidelines on the efficient use of manure nitrogen (N). In order to reduce nitrate leaching losses, manures containing large amounts of available N (i.e. slurries and poultry manures) should not be applied to free-draining soils in the period from autumn to early winter. Also, for efficient nutrient utilization manure application rates should be consistent with agronomic requirements (up to 250 kg total N ha−1 yr−1). Existing farm machinery was shown to be capable of applying manures evenly to grassland and arable stubbles, but required an accurate estimate of application rate and the careful matching of spreading widths. To provide growers with detailed guidance on the fertilizer N replacement value of manures the computer-based decision support system MANNER (MANure Nitrogen Evaluation Routine) has been developed. The much improved understanding of manure N losses and availability has been summarized in a series of ‘Managing Livestock Manures’ booklets, the MAFF Fertilizer Recommendation booklet and the Codes of Good Agricultural Practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00220.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen losses from outdoor pig farming systems (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 16 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrogen losses via nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emissions were measured from contrasting outdoor pig farming systems in a two year field study. Four 1-ha paddocks representing three outdoor pig management systems and an arable control were established on a sandy loam soil in Berkshire, UK. The pig management systems represented: (i) current commercial practice (CCP) - 25 dry sows ha−1 on arable stubble; (ii) ‘improved’ management practice (IMP) - 18 dry sows ha−1 on stubble undersown with grass, and (iii) ‘best’ management practice (BMP) 12 dry sows ha−1 on established grass. Nitrogen (N) inputs in the feed were measured and N offtakes in the pig meat estimated to calculate a nitrogen balance for each system. In the first winter, mean nitrate-N concentrations in drainage water from the CCP, IMP, BMP and arable paddocks were 28, 25, 8 and 10 mg NO3 l−1, respectively. On the BMP system, leaching losses were limited by the grass cover, but this was destroyed by the pigs before the start of the second drainage season. In the second winter, mean concentrations increased to 111, 106 and 105 mg NO3-N l−1 from the CCP, IMP and BMP systems, respectively, compared to only 32 mg NO3-N l−1 on the arable paddock. Ammonia (NH3) volatilization measurements indicated that losses from outdoor dry sows were in the region of 11 g NH3-N sow−1 day−1. Urine patches were identified as the major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, with N2O-N losses estimated at less than 1% of the total N excreted. The nitrogen balance calculations indicated that N inputs to all the outdoor pig systems greatly exceeded N offtakes plus N losses, with estimated N surpluses on the CCP, IMP and BMP systems after 2 years of stocking at 576, 398 and 264 kg N ha−1, respectively, compared with 27 kg N ha−1 on the arable control. These large N surpluses are likely to exacerbate nitrate leaching losses in following seasons and make a contribution to the N requirement of future crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00202.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting nitrogen availability and losses following application of organic manures to arable land: MANNER (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A decision support system to predict the plant availability of nitrogen (N) following organic manure applications to land has been developed, drawing together the latest UK research information on factors affecting manure N availability and losses. The ADAS MANure Nitrogen Evaluation Routine (MANNER) accounts for manure N analysis, ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching and mineralization of manure organic N. Only a few easily available inputs are required to predict the amount of N volatilized or leached, and the fertilizer N value for the next crop grown. Predictions from MANNER have been evaluated by comparison with independently collected data from a range of experimental studies where pig, cattle and poultry manures were applied to arable crops. Good agreement was found (r2 60–79%, P〈0.001), confirming that MANNER can provide a reliable estimate of the fertilizer N value of farm manures spread to arable land under a range of conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00079.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey to assess the extent of soil water erosion in lowland England and Wales (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 12 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A study of soil water erosion was undertaken between 1982 and 1986 in 17 areas of lowland England and Wales. Air photographs were taken annually, these were checked to identify erosion events and a sample of 392 eroded fields visited between 1983 and 1986. Erosion was most common in fields drilled with winter cereals (39% of cases), which was the crop considered by farmers to be at greatest risk of erosion. Estimated crop losses were greater than 10% for only 5% of fields. ‘Clean up’ costs were incurred on 15% of the fields studied. Attempts at contour ploughing and planting/drilling appeared to result in more severe erosion, than working up and down the slope. Farmers considered that the main reason for erosion on their farms was arable cropping, and the presence of compacted wheelings/tramlines. Fields where hedges had been removed in the last 20 years suffered from erosion marginally more frequently than other fields. Field slope alone was not found to be a major factor in the occurrence of erosion, with almost 60% of erosion events on slopes of less than 7°. Erosion occurred at least every other year in half the fields studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1996.tb00546.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of farm manures: economic and environmental considerations (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 11 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1995.tb00518.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate leaching and residual soil nitrogen supply following outdoor pig farming (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Large nitrogen (N) inputs to outdoor pig farms in the UK can lead to high nitrate leaching losses and accumulation of surplus N in soil. We investigated the residual effects of three contrasting outdoor pig systems as compared to an arable control on nitrate leaching and soil N supply for subsequent spring cereal crops grown on a sandy loam soil during 1997/98 and 1998/99 harvest seasons. Previously, the pig systems had been stocked for 2 years from October 1995 and were designated current commercial practice (CCP, 25 sows ha−1 on stubble), improved management practice (IMP, 18 sows ha−1 on undersown stubble) and best management practice (BMP, 12 sows ha−1 on established grass). Estimated soil N surpluses by the end of stocking in September 1997 were 576, 398, 265 and 27 kg ha−1 N for the CCP, IMP, BMP and continuous arable control, respectively. Nitrate leaching losses in the first winter were 235, 198, 137 and 38 kg ha−1 N from the former CCP, IMP and BMP systems and the arable control, respectively. These losses from the former pig systems were equivalent to 41–52% of the estimated soil N surpluses. Leaching losses were much smaller in the second winter at 21, 14, 23 and 19 kg ha−1 N, respectively. Cultivation timing had no effect (P〉0.05) on leaching losses in year 1, but cultivation in October compared with December increased nitrate leaching by a mean of 14 kg ha−1 N across all treatments in year 2. Leaching losses over the two winters were correlated (P〈0.001) with autumn soil mineral N (SMN) contents. In both seasons, spring SMN, grain yields and N offtakes at harvest were similar (P〉0.05) for the three previous pig systems and the arable control, and cultivation timing had no effect (P〉0.05) on grain yields and crop N offtake. This systems study has shown that nitrate leaching losses during the first winter after outdoor pig farming can be large, with no residual available N benefits to following cereal crops unless that first winter is much drier than average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00131.x
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