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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 2 (1969), S. 108-110 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The stalk of Protostelium irregularis (Eumycetozoea) has been studied with light and electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. The stalk is positively birefringent and fibrillar. Diffraction patterns obtained from stalks indicate that crystalline cellulose I is one component of the stalk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acetabularia ; Chlorophyta ; Codium ; Cell wall (mannan) ; Mannan polymorphism ; Phytelephas (cell wall)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mannan-rich plant cell walls were mechanically disintegrated and chemically extracted in order to ascertain their morphology and structure by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For Acetabularia crenulata and Codium fragile, the cell-wall fragments were found to consist of alkali-resistant fibrillar mannan II encrusted with alkali-soluble granular mannan I. In the case of ivory nuts (Phytelephas macrocarpa) there is, in addition, a microfibrillar cellulose component which was also identified. The mannan I—mannan II polymorphism was also obtained when various mannan fractions were recrystallized from solution. In these recrystallizations, the occurrence of one or the other polymorph was found to depend on several parameters: the molecular weight of the mannan, the temperature of crystallization and the polarity of the crystallization medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 563-576 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Polymerisation von Äthylen unter Fällungsbedingungen mit Verwendung eines Substrates, auf dem VCl3/AlEt3-Katalysator aufgebracht wurde, wurde mittels Elektronen- und optischen Mikroskop sowie mit Lichtstreuung im festen Zustand untersucht. Anfänglich erscheint das wachsende Polymer kugelig, wahrscheinlich infolge seines zunächst pseudo-geschmolzenen Zustandes wegen der Polymerisationswärme. Die kugeligen Partikel von denen jedes ein Polymerisationszentrum ist, wachsen im Durchmesser durch den bekannten Einschubmechanismus. Wenn das Substrat vollkommen bedeckt ist, führt das weitere Wachstum zu länglichen gewundenen, wurmförmigen Gebilden, welche aus der Oberfläche herausstehen und eine rasenähnliche Textur erzeugen. Der grundsätzliche Aspekt der Kristallisation ist der, daß sie unter Spannung geschieht aufgrund der konstanten Einschiebung von Monomeren an der Katalysatoroberfläche, was das schon gebildete Polymere verlagert und streckt, während es kristallisiert. Das Ergebnis ist eine gestreckte Polymer-Matrix, die schließlich Brüche bildet, überbrückt mit Fibrillen. Es wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen, um jeden Gesichtspunkt der beobachteten Morphologie zu beschreiben.
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of ethylene under precipitation conditions using substrate supported VCl3/AlEt3 catalyst has been studied using electron and optical microscopy together with solid state light scattering. Initially, the nascent polymer appears globular, probably because of its initial pseudo-molten state resulting from the heat of polymerization. The globular particles, each of which are centers of polymerization, expand in diameter by an intussusceptive mechanism of growth. When the substrate is completely covered, continued growth leads to elongated, crimped particles (“worms”) which protrude from the surface and constitute a “grassy” texture. The fundamental aspect of the crystallization is that it occurs under stress, due to the constant insertion of monomer at the catalyst surface displacing and stretching the already laid polymer as it undergoes crystallization. The result is a strained polymer matrix which ultimately forms cracks bridged with fibrils. A model is proposed to describe each aspect of the observed morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 8-14 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The thermal behaviour of nascent or “as grown” polyethylene was studied. The analysis of the melting curves of various high molecular weight samples show that the maximum melting points are usually sharper and higher than those corresponding to samples crystallized from the melt or solution in absence of external deformation. The melting points increase with polymerization time and reach at least 412 °K (139 °C) for samples polymerized for few minutes. This usually goes along with the appearance of a higher submaximum around 415°K (142°C) which corresponds to extended chain crystalline material having superheating properties. Such features are explained in terms of a scheme where continuous deformation is operative during polymerization and crystallization of the nascent samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht befaßt sich mit der Untersuchung von longitudinalen Polyäthylen-Faserkristallen, gewachsen aus Xylollösungen in einer Scherströmung, mit Hilfe verschiedener Röntgen-Diffraktions- und elektronenmikroskopischer Techniken. Die Makrofasern mit Durchmessern von einigen Mikron enthalten Elementar-Fibrillen von 2 grundsätzlilch verschiedenen Typen. Sie enthalten entweder gestreifte Fibrillen, die wie Schaschlik-Strukturen erscheinen, oder glatte Fibrillen. Die letztgenannten glatten Fibrillen wurden erhalten, wenn die Kristallisation bei Temperaturen oberhalb ungefahr 114 °C ausgeführt wurde und die Faserkristalle die Möglichkeit hatten, longitudinal an der Oberfläche des Rotors eines Apparates vom Couette-Typ zu wachsen, wobei der Rotor genügend rasch rotierte. Der mittlere Abstand zwischen den Lamellen der Schaschlik-Struktur, berechnet aus dem Maximum der Weitwinkel-Streuungskurve, stand in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit den Werten der elektronenmikroskopischen Beobachtungen im Durchlicht. Die lateralen Dimensionen wurden aus der Verbreiterung der Reflexe erhalten, aus Weitwinkel-Aufnahmen Bowie aus Dunkelfeld- und Guinier-Aufnahmen. Die Abstände waren 260 Å für Polyäthylen-Faserkristalle, gewachsen bei einer Temperatur von 103 °C, und ungefähr 150 Å für Fasern entstanden bei 118 °C. Die laterale Kristallitgröße verringerte sich bei höheren Wachstumsgeschwindigkeiten. Unter den letztgenannten Verhältnissen ist das Wachstum verbunden mit größerer Knäuelverformung, was sich durch die Anwesenheit eines erheblichen Anteils von trikliner Kristallmodifikation bemerkbar macht. Dunkelfeld-elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß die Länge der Kristallanteile von einer Größenordnung von 250–350 Å für Fasern, gewachsen bei 103 °C, and 450 Å und länger für Fasern entstanden bei 118 °C ist. Diese Werte stehen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, erhalten aus Verbreiterung der (002) Elektronen-Beugungsbilder.
    Notes: Summary Longitudinal fibrillar polyethylene crystals grown from xylene solutions subjected to simple shear flow have been investigated by various X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques. The macrofibers with diameters in the micron range are composed of elementary fibrils of two basically different types. They may consist of either striated fibrils of the shishkebab type or smooth fibrils. The latter morphologies were obtained when the crystallization was carried out at temperatures above approximately 114 °C and the fibrillar crystals were allowed to grow longitudinally at the surface of the rotor of a Couette type instrument at a sufficiently high speed. The average spacings between the lamellae of the shish-kebabs as derived from the maximum in the small-angle X-ray scattering curve correspond remarkably well to the values obtained from transmission electron micrographs. The lateral dimensions of the elementary fibrils were acquired from equatorial line-broadening analysis of electron diffraction spots, wide-angle X-ray diffractograms, dark-field images and Guinier plots. They varied from 260 Å for fibrillar polyethylene crystals grown at 103 °C to approximately 150 Å for fibers formed at 118 °C The lateral crystallite size was also found to diminish at higher growth rates. Under the latter conditions the growth is accompanied by an extensive coil deformation as reflected by the presence of a considerable amount of the triclinic crystal modification. Dark-field electron microscopy indicates that the lengths of the crystallite blocks are of the order of 250–350 Å for fibers grown at 103 °C and 450 Å and longer for fibers formed at 118 °C. These values are in agreement with those obtained from the broadening of the (002) electron diffraction spots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five different glucomannan samples were recrystallized from dilute solution. Depending on the experimental conditions, the crystals obtained could be identified as corresponding to the mannan I (anhydrous precipitate of more or less regular lozenge-shaped crystals) or mannan II (hydrated gel-forming pseudo-fibrillar precipitate). High-molecular-weight material, low temperature of crystallization, or a polar crystallization medium favored the mannan II polymorph, whereas a low-molecular weight, a high temperature of crystallization, and a crystallization medium of low polarity yielded the mannan I polymorph. Since the base-plane unit-cell dimensions are fairly constant with respect to variation of glucose, it is likely that isomorphous replacement of mannose by glucose occurs in glucomannan crystallization; the data also indicate that perfection of the glucomannan crystals was reduced in specimens having a high glucose:mannose ratio. The oriented crystallization of glucomannan on cellulose microfibrils was also studied under conditions where the mannan I polymorph was obtained. This gave shish-kebab structures that were characterized.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1033-1042 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the morphology and structure of nylon-6 crystals grown from diluted 1,4-butanediol solution. Isothermal crystallization from homogeneous solution resulted in smooth ribbons or lath-shaped crystals aggregated into sheaves. Shish-kebab structures of nylon-6 could be grown from the quiescent solution by self-seeding techniques. Electron microscopic investigations and small-angle x-ray measurements showed that the molecules in the lath-shaped backbones of the shish kebab are folded and oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the crystals. The polyamide laths have the α-monoclinic crystal structure with the hydrogen bonds parallel to the long axis. It is suggested that due to the anisotropic type of bonding in the crystal lattice the crystals fragment laterally during the heating stage in the self-seeding technique. Structural defects, e.g., twinning sites introduced during the dissolution and subsequent crystallization may cause the growth of shish-kebab structures from quiescent solution.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1117-1126 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single crystals of cellulose triacetate II (CTA II) free of crystallization solvent can be grown from dilute solution in mixtures of dibenzyl ether and n-tetradecane. Good results are obtained by using a polymer fraction with a degree of polymerization of 60 and a mixture of 70% n-tetradecane and 30% dibenzyl ether at 245°C. The lamellar crystals produced are lozenge-shaped with the longer diagonal parallel to the a axis of the lattice and with {110} as the growth faces. Twin growth occurs frequently with {110} as a twinning plane and less frequently with {210}.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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