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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical Study of the Ontogeny of Prochymosin- and Pepsinogen-producing Cells in the Abomasum of Sheep (2001)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 30 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The appearance and development of prochymosin- and pepsinogen-producing cells were investigated in the ovine abomasum from fetus to adult using immunohistochemistry. Prochymosin immunoreactivity appeared first in the proper gastric glands of the 100-day-old fetus. The intensity and distribution of prochymosin-immunoreactive cells increased gradually with the progress of gestation, and their most intense immunoreactivities and widest distribution were observed in 3-day-old lambs. They were subsequently reduced throughout postnatal growth. A few prochymosin-immunoreactive cells were scattered in the glands of adult sheep. Pepsinogen immunoreactivity appeared at first in a small number of cells in the base of some proper gastric glands of 120-day-old fetuses. After 130 days, pepsinogen-immunoreactive cells increased their staining intensities and distribution. They reached a peak in area at 21 days, which is comparable to adult sheep. In the pyloric glands, prochymosin- and pepsinogen-immunoreactive cells appeared from 100 and 130 days, respectively. Numbers were reduced in comparison to gastric glands and their occurrence was capricious. The results demonstrated that the ontogeny of prochymosin- and pepsinogen-immunoreactive cells in the abomasum of sheep is more similar to that in cattle than to that in the goat. The present data will contribute to the overall understanding of the development of ruminant gastric proteases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00326.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motility of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction during halothane anaesthesia in sheep (1988)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 12 (1988), S. 417-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electromanometry and electromyography were used to study gastro-oesophageal motility in two planes of halothane anaesthesia in sheep. Gastro-oesophageal motility when present was greater in light than in deep anaesthesia. The caudal thoracic oesophagus contracted more frequently and for longer than the rostral thoracic oesophagus. In light anaesthesia oesophageal movements were peristaltic in direction with a propagation velocity of 26–29 cm sec-1. Rumen pressures increased throughout anaesthesia and the rate of increase was greatest when the plane of anaesthesia was deep at the start. Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) occurred in both planes of anaesthesia and must occur by passive mechanisms during deep anaesthesia because gastro-oesophageal motility was inhibited. A high pressure zone (HPZ) was demonstrated for a length of 2.9 cm at the gastro-oesophageal junction with a balloon-tipped catheter and a ‘pull through’ technique. Open-tipped catheters could detect the HPZ but were less sensitive. The pressure in the HPZ was not significantly influenced by the depth of anaesthesia used. In 80% of cases of light anaesthesia an increase in HPZ pressure preceeded the contraction of the cranial sac of the rumen. In deep anaesthesia the HPZ continued to have rhythmic changes in tone. Spontaneous GOR coincided with a maximum gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient in 24% of cases. Rumen insufflation with oxygen provoked GOR at a rumen pressure above 33 mmHg compared with 7.2 mmHg during spontaneous reflux. The study demonstrates that a gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient was not primarily responsible for the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia and that the HPZ at the gastro-oesophageal junction of sheep had some of the properties of a lower oesophageal sphincter and played an important role in the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343262
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferent activity in the superior spermatic nerve of lambs — The effects of application of rubber castration rings (1995)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 19 (1995), S. 503-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: afferent activity ; castration ; mechanoreceptors ; pain ; spermatic nerve ; testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological techniques were used to record afferent activity in the superior spermatic nerves of young lambs under general anaesthesia. Receptive fields were identified in the pampiniform plexus and the deep tissue of the testis in response to mechanical stimulation. Application of a standard rubber castration ring to the scrotal neck evoked vigorous afferent activity, including some from formerly silent units with receptive fields particularly in the pampiniform plexus. Some of this multi-unit discharge adapted rapidly within 10 s of the application of the ring and was followed by a discharge pattern which decayed exponentially over 90 min. The rate of decay of this discharge showed more than one exponent (time constant) with inflections at approximately 90 s and 16 min. After the application of the castration ring, quantitatively controlled scrotal compression continued to excite receptors, though a declining frequency was recorded over the period of observation. It was concluded that: (a) rubber castration rings initiated afferent activity which persisted for periods in excess of 90 min, a time course which is similar to the behavioural and humoral changes in the conscious animal; (b) both standard and small rubber castration rings were ineffective in rapidly producing neuronal pressure block of the slowly conducting afferent fibres in the superior spermatic nerve; (c) intra-testicular injection of local anaesthetic rapidly blocked afferent fibres running in the superior spermatic nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839339
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanical stimulator for the determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in the rabbit (1993)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 17 (1993), S. 375-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: anaesthesia ; efficacy ; minimum alveolar concentration ; rabbit ; stimulus ; technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane was determined in New Zealand White rabbits. Tracheal anaesthetic concentrations were measured using a Siemens Servo Gas Monitor. A stimulator was used to deliver precisely controlled mechanical stimuli for the determination of MAC. Movement of the rabbit's head was recorded using a force transducer attached to the teeth. Evidence is presented that for the determination of MAC a precise nociceptive threshold is preferable to the so-called supramaximal stimulus used in clinical anaesthesia and in determinations of anaesthetic potency. We conclude that techniques for the determination of MAC which disregard either sensitization of sensory mechanisms by producing tissue inflammation or the possibility of nerve compression by severe mechanical stimuli are of questionable value. The use of the mechanical stimulator described, or a similar device, would help in the standardization of the determination of MAC in all species by facilitating the application of a force of controlled amplitude, duration and velocity, thereby removing some of the variables which confound comparative studies of MAC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839388
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic activity of intestinal musclein vitro taken from horses with and without equine grass sickness (1994)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 18 (1994), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: cholinergic ; dysautonomia ; grass sickness ; horse ; intestinal motility ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a pan-dysautonomia of horses that involves central and peripheral neuronal degeneration and ultimately depletion. This is the first reported functional study on the motility of equine intestine taken immediatelypost mortem from horses with EGS. Strips of smooth muscle from the small intestine of healthy and EGS-affected horses were suspended in an organ bath and their motility was measured isometrically. The activity of the cholinergic system was studied. Physostigmine enhanced the motility of all muscle strips. Tissues taken from horses suffering from acute grass sickness (AGS) had the longest latency before a measurable response could be obtained (p〈0.05). The ileum appeared to be damaged by EGS to a greater extent than the duodenum. For the duodenal strips the enhanced rate of spontaneous contractions was significant (p〈0.05) for both normal tissue and that affected by grass sickness but this was not the case for the ileal strips. Muscarinic receptor sensitivity investigation using bethanecol suggested a hypersensitivity of receptors with AGS material,
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839269
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological characteristics of tension receptors in the abomasal antrum of sheep (1994)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 18 (1994), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: abomasal antrum ; afferent activity ; impulses ; mechanoreceptors ; sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Unitary impulse activity from tension receptors in the abomasal antrum in sheep anaesthetized with chloralose was studied with concurrent measurements of isometric tension in the antral wall, intraluminal pressures and electromyography (EMG). Rhythmical background activity had a close correlation with intraluminal pressure changes and usually a close correlation with local increases in EMG activity and isometric tension. Impulse frequencies increased, but were not sustained, following changes from isotonic to isometric conditions. Tension receptors were excited by transmural compression, by antral distension and by local intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine (2.5–25 µg), pentagastrin (10–20 µg), 5-hydroxytryptamine (1–20 µg), adrenaline (10 µg) cholecystokinin-8 (1–5 µg) or bradykinin (0.5–20 µg), and by systemic injections of bethanecol (5–1000 µg). Local intra-arterial perfusions of atropine (50 µg) and hexamethonium (100 µg) did not abolish spontaneous antral movements or affect the enhanced impulse activity evoked by acetylcholine or 5-hydroxytryptamine. Most antral tension receptors were excited by increases in antral tension or passive distension; they therefore functioned ‘in series’ with the muscularis externa. The discharges of three tension receptors were ‘off-loaded’ early during the contraction evoked by local injections of pentagastrin (10–20 µg).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839272
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vagal reflex inhibition of motility in the abomasal body of sheep by antral and duodenal tension receptors (1994)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 18 (1994), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: abomasum ; duodenum ; motility ; sheep ; vagal reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vagally-mediated regulation of motility in the abomasal body by duodenal and abomasal antral motility was demonstrated in acutely prepared anaesthetized sheep. The enteric plexuses between the abomasal body, antrum and duodenum were interrupted by transection. Antral contractions were more effective than duodenal contractions at causing inhibition of the abomasal body, and antral isometric conditions were more effective than antral isotonic conditions. Inhibition of motility in the abomasal body was reduced by unilateral cervical vagotomy, was abolished by bilateral cervical vagotomy, and was reversibly inhibited by cervical vagus cold block. The demonstration of vagal pathways in abomaso-abomasal reflexes confirms a functional homology of the mechanisms in the ruminant and animals with simple forms of stomach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839200
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastro-oesophageal reflux in halothane anaesthetized sheep. The effects of feeding and positioning (1988)
    Springer
    Veterinary research communications 12 (1988), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in sheep anaesthetized with halothane was reduced by withholding food and water for 24 hours. The total reflux volume increased. The effect of body position on GOR was studied by inclining the operating table at angles to the horizontal and positioning the head up or down on sand bags. The operative positions investigated were: right and left lateral recumbency with head down, dorsal recumbency with head down and right lateral recumbency with head up. Least GOR occurred when the sheep was in right lateral recumbency with a head up tilt and the body inclined at 20° from the horizontal. A cuffed oesophageal drainage tube increased the incidence of GOR but prevented the chances of the aspiration of rumen material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362804
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