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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTRODERMAL CORRELATES OF HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 8 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Basal skin conductance, non-specific GSRs, and specific GSRs were studied during 2 experimental sessions with two groups of 12 hyperkinetic children each and a group of 12 matched normal controls. Hyperkinetic children were found to have lower basal skin conductance, fewer and smaller non-specific GSRs, and smaller specific GSRs than those of normal children. Stimulant drugs, which were administered to one group of hyperkinetic children, tended to raise basal level conductance and non-specific GSR activity toward the levels of normal children. A tentative neurophysiological hypothesis is offered to account for these data as well as the clinical observations that stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of hyperkinetic children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00450.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attentional modulation of startle in psychosis-prone college students (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 32 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Attentional modulation of startle eyeblink was studied in college students putatively at risk for psychosis and in normal controls. At-risk subjects had extreme scores on scales for either anhedonia or perceptual aberration-magical thinking (per-mags). Subjects were presented with to-be-attended and to-be-ignored tones; white noise startle probes were presented at lead intervals of 60, 120, 240, or 2,000 ms following the onset of attended and ignored tones and during intertone intervals. Controls showed greater inhibition of startle blink at 120 ms and greater facilitation at 2,000 ms during to-be-attended than to-be-ignored tone, demonstrating attentional modulation of prepulse inhibition and facilitation. Both at-risk groups showed normal overall levels of early inhibition and late facilitation. However, per-mags failed to show attentional modulation of either inhibition at 120 ms or facilitation at 2,000 ms; anhedonics showed no modulation of inhibition and modulation of facilitation was delayed in development. The results for the per-mags are strikingly similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients and suggest that these deficits index a trait-linked vulnerability to disorders in the schizophrenic spectrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02955.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship Between Skin Conductance Orienting the Allocation of Processing Resources (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 28 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Information processing models of autonomic orienting suggest that the elicitation of an orienting response is associated with either the call for, or the actual allocation of, limited attentional processing resources. However, Dawson, Filion, and Schell (1989) reported a directional dissociation between elicitation of the skin conductance orienting response and resource allocation, as indexed by reaction time slowing on a secondary task. Although larger skin conductance responses were elicited by a task-relevant stimulus than by a task-irrelevant stimulus, reaction time showed the opposite pattern (i.e., greater slowing to secondary task probes presented shortly following the onset of the task-irrelevant stimulus). In the present report, we describe three experiments which examine the generality of this dissociation effect and test specific hypotheses regarding its nature. Results of the first two experiments revealed that the dissociation effect is observed reliably when the taskrelevant and task-irrelevant stimuli consist of left ear and right ear tones or high and low pitched binaural tones, across a range of secondary task probe presentation times. However, the third experiment demonstrated that when task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli are presented to different sensory modalities (auditory and visual), orienting and resource allocation are both greater during the task-relevant than the task-irrelevant stimuli, thus eliminating the dissociation effect. These results support the hypothesis that the dissociation effect is due to a switch of attention initiated because of the physical similarity of the task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli, and suggest that there is a fundamentally positive relationship between skin conductance orienting and resource allocation under selective attention conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00725.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological Detection of Deception: Measurement of Responses to Questions and Answers During Countermeasure Maneuvers (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Physiological detection of deception (“lie detection”) procedures were evaluated with 24 actors, half of whom were “guilty” of a mock-crime and half were “innocent.” All subjects were trained in the Stanislavsky method of acting and were instructed to use this method to appear innocent on the polygraph test. Two versions of the control question detection of deception test were employed: one in which subjects verbally answered immediately following each question and the other in which they delayed their verbal answer for 8 sec following each question. The delayed answer technique allowed the separate measurement of physiological responses to the questions and the answers. Skin resistance responses, cardiovascular changes, and respiration were recorded and analyzed. Excluding inconclusive results, the overall accuracy of the decisions varied between 78% and 91% depending on the test employed. The principal results were: 1) attempts by guilty subjects to appear innocent were totally ineffective, 2) physiological responses elicited by the questions were more valid indicators of deception and nondeception than were the responses elicited by the verbal answers, and 3) errors occurred more frequently with innocent subjects (between 17% and 25% depending on the measure used) than with guilty subjects (0% with each measure). Variables which may affect the generalizability of these results to the field situation are discussed and suggestions for increasing the generalizability of laboratory findings are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02452.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can Classical Conditioning Occur Without Contingency Learning? A Review and Evaluation of the Evidence (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 10 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This paper reviews experimental evidence relevant to the issue of whether human classical conditioning can occur in the absence of awareness of the CS-UCS contingency (contingency learning). It is concluded that the evidence fails to convincingly demonstrate successful conditioning in the absence of contingency learning. In fact, the evidence is more consistent with the view that contingency learning is an essential mediator of human classical conditioning. Although original learning may require the presence of contingency learning, the performance of a previously acquired conditioned response may not require such mediation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb01087.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The varying time courses of attentional and affective modulation of the startle eyeblink reflex (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 33 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In previous research on modulation of the startle eyeblink reflex, emotional effects have been demonstrated only at late probe positions, whereas attentional effects have been found at both early and late positions but only when the prepulses were affectively neutral. In Experiment 1, participants viewed emotionally valenced pictures and were instructed to attend to the duration of half of the slides. Affective modulation of the startle eyeblink occurred at long lead intervals, but attentional modulation also occurred late. In Experiment 2, participants viewed the same slides used in Experiment 1 but were instructed to attend to the duration of only the positive or the negative slides. Affective modulation occurred at both early and late probe positions, whereas attentional effects occurred only following slide offset. Early (250 ms) affective modification of startle eyeblink has not been previously reported. These results suggest that the time courses of emotional and attentional modulation of startle are variable and can occur at both early and late startle probe positions, depending on task requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02365.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracking early and late stages of information processing: Contributions of startle eyeblink reflex modification (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 33 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Startle eyeblink modification was examined as a measure of information processing. College students were presented with tones of 5 and 7 s duration of either high or low pitch, followed by startle-eliciting stimuli at lead intervals of 120, 2.000, 4,500, or 6,000ms. Attention to tones was manipulated by instructing the task group to count the longer tones of either pitch. The no-task group had no instructed task. Startle eyeblink was inhibited at the short lead interval and facilitated at the long lead intervals in both groups. The task group showed greater inhibition and facilitation during attended than during ignored tones, indicating that early and late controlled processing was occurring. In the task group, I he degree of facilitation appeared to reflect the degree of cognitive demands of the task. Startle eyeblink modification may provide a sensitive measure of the nature and timing of stapes of processing in active and passive attentional conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02118.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Major Effect of Recording Site on Measurement of Electrodermal Activity (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Although the medial phalanx has been recommended as the preferred site for recording skin conductance activity, a review of articles published in Psychophysiology indicates that a large minority (34%) of studies employ the distal phalanx. Informal observations also suggest that the distal site may be more reactive than the medial site. This study formally tests this observation by recording skin conductance from both medial and distal phalanges. Twenty-four right-handed subjects (12 male, 12 female) were exposed to a series of 10 orienting and defensive stimuli. Electrodes were placed on the fore and middle fingers of each hand, with distal sites used on one hand and medial sites on the other for each subject. Skin conductance amplitudes were 3.5 times larger at distal than medial sites (p〈.002), while skin conductance levels were 2.08 times larger at distal sites (p〈.0005). A significant Site × Stimulus interaction (p〈.025) indicated that the distal site was more sensitive to habituation over trials and to increases in skin conductance amplitudes with increasing stimulus intensity than the medial site. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that distal sites be used in preference to medial sites in the recording of skin conductance activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01693.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probing the Time-Course of the Auditory Oddball P3 With Secondary Reaction Time (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 28 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: An elementary neural model of the P3 is proposed in which the P3 is held to manifest a brief, widely-distributed, inhibitory event. A preliminary and indirect test of the model is described using secondary-task methodology. Manual reaction times were measured to probe clicks delivered during the presumed time-course of an auditory oddball P3. We observed that reaction times to probes presented after oddball stimuli were significantly slowed as compared to reaction times to probes presented after standards. The latency of maximum reaction time slowing corresponded generally to the latency of the P3. The latency of maximum reaction time slowing did not respond to a manipulation varying the latency of the P3. Thus, some of the obtained results were consistent with the P3-inhibition hypothesis, whereas others were not. Secondary-task methodology may provide a valuable new approach to understanding the late event-related potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01003.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Elicitation of the Autonomic Orienting Response Associated With Allocation of Processing Resources? (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 26 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Two experiments investigated whether elicitation of the autonomic orienting response is associated with active allocation of processing resources as indexed by the slowing of reaction time to secondary task probes. In Experiment 1, 75 college student subjects performed a dual task consisting of a primary auditory orienting task and a concurrent secondary visual reaction time task. The primary orienting task included task-relevant tones presented to one car and task-irrelevant tones presented to the other ear. The last trial of the primary task included an unexpected novel tone presented binaurally. The secondary task consisted of a series of brief light flashes presented at critical times throughout the primary task; the reaction time of the subjects' motor responses to these flashes was measured. Consistent with the resource allocation view of orienting, the results demonstrated that resources were allocated during the primary task tones and the novel tone, and this allocation was greater during the early trials than the late trials of the primary task. However, a directional dissociation was observed in that resource allocation was greater during the task-irrelevant tone whereas autonomic orienting responses were larger to the task-relevant tone. Experiment 2 replicated all of these effects and demonstrated that the directional dissociation was sensitive to the predictability and ease of discrimination between the task-relevant and task-irrelevant tones. Taken together, these findings indicate that the relationship between resource allocation and autonomic orienting is a reliable but complex one in need of further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb00710.x
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