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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 1554-1562 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Macrostrain variations in engineering components are frequently examined using neutron diffraction, at both reactors and pulsed sources. It is desirable to minimize the sampling volume in order to maximize the spatial resolution, although this increases the required measurement time. At reactors, macrostrain behavior is inferred from a single lattice reflection (deemed to be representative of the bulk response). At a pulsed source, a complete diffraction pattern is recorded and accordingly it is natural to fit the entire diffraction spectra using a Rietveld [J. Appl. Cryst. 2, 65 (1969)] refinement. This means that an idealized crystal structure is fit to the measured distorted crystal structure, which includes deviation of the measured lattice reflections from the ideal due to elastoplastic strain anisotropies, which are dependent on the particular lattice reflection (hkl) considered. We show that elastic macrostrains calculated from lattice parameter changes in Rietveld refinements (without accounting for hkl dependent anisotropies) are almost identical to the bulk elastic response and are comparable to the response obtained from a single lattice reflection typically used by practitioners at a steady state source. Moreover good refinements on the complete pattern are obtained with short measurement times compared to what is required for good statistics for single reflections. By incorporating a description of the elastic strain anisotropy expected in cubic materials into the Rietveld code, an empirical prediction of plastic strain history is possible. The validity of these arguments is demonstrated by analysis of a uniaxial tensile load test and a reanalysis of previously reported data taken on a deformed stainless steel ring. The plastic strain predictions compare favorably with a finite element model. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 739-747 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: When multiple elastic diffraction peaks are obtained from an x-ray or neutron source, data analysis is commonly performed using a Rietveld refinement applied to the entire pattern, rather than simply performing single peak fits. In the simplest case the crystal structure is assumed to be ideal despite the presence of stresses which, coupled with the elastic and plastic anisotropy of individual grains, can result in a nonisotropic response of the polycrystal. A first step to account for this anisotropy in the refinement is to include an anisotropic strain parameter. In an earlier work [J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1554 (1997)] we included elastic anisotropy into a Rietveld refinement and discussed its validity in the elastic and plastic regimes for a cubic crystal structure. Here we extend the discussion to include anisotropy in hexagonal crystal structures. The agreement between single peak fits and the Rietveld refinement modeled single peak positions is considered for hexagonal close packed beryllium in the presence of an applied compressive load, in both the elastic and plastic regime (to ∼1% plastic strain). Agreement is found to be good in the elastic and early plastic regime, where only basal slip is assumed to be active. At higher loads, where prism slip and/or basal fracture are also assumed to be active, agreement is poorer for some diffraction planes. The implications for residual stress measurements are considered. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method for the calculation of a stress-free lattice parameter from the analysis of diffraction data from stressed material is discussed, utilizing the elastic anisotropy of the material. The technique is demonstrated using data obtained during a uniaxial tension test on untextured austenitic (face-centred cubic) steel. The uncertainty in the calculated lattice parameter for various choices of number of diffraction peaks and different number of stress levels available for the calculation is considered. It is shown that when all the data are within the elastic regime, an accurate evaluation of the reference lattice parameter can be made. When some data are in the plastic regime, a more limited evaluation is possible. The use of plots of lattice parameter against Γhkl [= (h2k2 + h2l2 +k2l2)/(h2 + k2 + l2)2] as a method for monitoring plasticity as well as freedom from deviatoric stress is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 585-601 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffractive determination of single-crystal elastic constants using polycrystalline samples represents the inverse problem to the (`direct') experiment of conventional diffractive residual-stress analysis. Both problems are rather sensitive to the quality of the experimental data and to the applied micro-mechanical models. This especially holds for the case of samples for which texture cannot be neglected. The current methods in the field are briefly described and specific difficulties are discussed. The key relations for the BPGeo micro-mechanical model (in which a texture-weighted geometric mean is applied in the stress analysis) are given for the general case. The necessity for careful analysis of the reliability of the results of planned experiments using theoretically modelled `experimental' data obtained with the applied micro-mechanical models is demonstrated for a set of line-shift data from a uniaxial tensile experiment on steel. The possibility of resolving the so-called d0 problem using the original line-position data for a structure refinement is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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