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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal relationships between leaf nitrogen content (photosynthetic capacity) and leaf canopy light exposure in peach (Prunus persica) (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field gas exchange measurements on intact peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) leaves indicate that leaf nitrogen content (NL) and leaf weight per unit leaf area (Wa) are highly correlated with CO2 assimilation rate (A) and mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, NL and Wa were used to study seasonal relationships between leaf carboxylation capacity and natural light exposure in tree canopies. From mid-season onwards, NL and Wa were linearly correlated with light exposure expressed as the amount of time during a clear day that a leaf was exposed to a photosynthetic photon flux density (Q) of ≥ 100 μmol m−2 s−1. The data support the hypothesis that whole-tree photosynthesis is optimized by partitioning of photosynthetic capacity among leaves in deciduous tree canopies with respect to natural light exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11611823
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal patterns of stem extension growth in peach (Prunus persica): Temperature and fluctuations in water status determine growth rate (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 100 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Field measurements of stem extension growth rate in peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) exhibited a consistent diurnal pattern. Stem extension rate was lowest in the early morning and increased throughout the day. In the late afternoon, 2–3-fold increases in extension rate occurred and were sustained for 2 to 4 h. After this growth surge, rates precipitously declined and remained low during the night. The temperature response of stem growth rate at constant water potential was determined using potted trees in a dark growth chamber. Under such conditions, stem growth rate was strongly dependent on air temperature. In the field, the observed stem growth rate deviated from that predicted on the basis of temperature. These deviations were proportional to the rate of change in stem water potential. A model was constructed to predict diurnal patterns of stem extension rate using temperature and water potential data. The model was tested using data from undisturbed trees and from trees in which water potential was artificially manipulated. Growth patterns predicted by the model were in general agreement with observed rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb04794.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating the photosynthetic contribution of developing peach (Prunus persica) fruits to their growth and maintenance carbohydrate requirements (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 88 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: CO2 exchange rates (CO2 evolution) of late-maturing cv. Cal Red peaches, exposed to different photon flux densities, were simulated from 24 days after flowering (DAF) until harvest by using light and temperature response curves measured on attached fruits in the field at biweekly intervals. The daily patterns of dark respiration rates per unit dry weight indicated their dependence on temperatures. Fruit CO2 exchange rates in light were also affected by photosynthetic photon flux densities. Daily photosynthetic rates per unit dry weight and per fruit were significantly lower in shaded fruits receiving 7% of the full daily sunlight compared to fruits exposed to 35% sunlight. However, the difference in photosynthetic rates in peach fruits receiving 21 and 35% of total daily sunlight was small. Within the last 4 weeks before harvest, weekly carbohydrate requirements for the production of dry matter rose rapidly in cv. Cal Red peaches and were related to high carbohydrate accumulations, especially of sucrose, in the peach mesocarp. Weekly photosynthetic contribution of late-maturing cv. Cal Red peaches to these carbohydrate accumulations increased up to 115 DAF. A decline in photosynthetic contributions between 115 DAF and harvest was related to decreasing photosynthetic activities in association with declining chlorophyll contents. Photosynthesis of late-maturing cv. Cal Red peaches provided 3–9% of the weekly fruit carbohydrate requirements early in the season and 8–15% in the midseason depending on fruit exposure to light. Photosynthesis of mature fruits contributed 3–5% of the total fruit carbohydrate requirements. Since fruit photosynthetic rates approach saturation at a photosynthetic photon flux density of about 600 μmol m2 s−2, the difference in weekly photosynthetic contributions was small between exposed and partially exposed (35 and 21% sunlight, respectively) peach fruits. However, a shaded fruit (7% sunlight) supplied significantly less of its weekly carbohydrate requirements through photosynthesis compared to exposed fruits. During the growing period of 24 DAF until harvest, dry matter accumulation of latematuring cv. Cal Red peaches accounted for 78% of the total carbohydrate requirements and 22% was used in respiration. Fruit photosynthesis of shaded peach fruit, partially exposed fruit and exposed fruit (receiving 7. 21 and 35% of full sunlight over the day, respectively) contributed 5. 8 and 9%, respectively, of the total growth and maintenance carbohydrate requirements during the growing season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05507.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal CO2 exchange patterns of developing peach (Prunus persica) fruits in response to temperature, light and CO2 concentration (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 88 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: CO2 exchange rates per unit dry weight, measured in the field on attached fruits of the late-maturing Cal Red peach cultivar, at 1200 μmol photons m−2S−1 and in dark, and photosynthetic rates, calculated by the difference between the rates of CO2 evolution in light and dark, declined over the growing season. Calculated photosynthetic rates per fruit increased over the season with increasing fruit dry matter, but declined in maturing fruits apparently coinciding with the loss of chlorophyll. Slight net fruit photosynthetic rates ranging from 0. 087 ± 0. 06 to 0. 003 ± 0. 05 nmol CO2 (g dry weight)−1 S−1 were measured in midseason under optimal temperature (15 and 20°C) and light (1200 μmol photons m−2 S−1) conditions. Calculated fruit photosynthetic rates per unit dry weight increased with increasing temperatures and photon flux densities during fruit development. Dark respiration rates per unit dry weight doubled within a temperature interval of 10°C; the mean seasonal O10 value was 2. 03 between 20 and 30°C. The highest photosynthetic rates were measured at 35°C throughout the growing season. Since dark respiration rates increased at high temperatures to a greater extent than CO2 exchange rates in light, fruit photosynthesis was apparently stimulated by high internal CO2 concentrations via CO2 refixation. At 15°C, fruit photosynthetic rates tended to be saturated at about 600 μmol photons m−2 S−1. Young peach fruits responded to increasing ambient CO2 concentrations with decreasing net CO2 exchange rates in light, but more mature fruits did not respond to increases in ambient CO2. Fruit CO2 exchange rates in the dark remained fairly constant, apparently uninfluenced by ambient CO2 concentrations during the entire growing season. Calculated fruit photosynthetic rates clearly revealed the difference in CO2 response of young and mature peach fruits. Photosynthetic rates of younger peach fruits apparently approached saturation at 370 μl CO21−2. In CO2 free air, fruit photosynthesis was dependent on CO2 refixation since CO2 uptake by the fruits from the external atmosphere was not possible. The difference in photosynthetic rates between fruits in CO2-free air and 370 μl CO2 1−1 indicated that young peach fruits were apparently able to take up CO2 from the external atmosphere. CO2 uptake by peach fruits contributed between 28 and 16% to the fruit photosynthetic rate early in the season, whereas photosynthesis in maturing fruits was supplied entirely by CO2 refixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05506.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of nitrogen from storage and current-year uptake in walnut spurs during the spring flush of growth (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 75 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: [15N]-depleted (NH4)2SO4 applied to the soil in 1985 resulted in residual labeling of about 16% of the storage nitrogen (N) pool of mature walnut (Juglans regia L. cv. Serr) trees in 1987. Application of [15N]-depleted (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer to a different set of mature walnut trees in 1987 allowed monitoring of the kinetics and utilization of N from current year uptake in 1987 and resulted in 〉20% labeling of fruit N following completion of leaf expansion. Redistribution of storage N to the new growth predominated during the spring flush of growth although N derived from the soil during current-year uptake contributed increasingly during leaf expansion. Labeled N from current year uptake accumulated preferentially in the leaves as compared with reproductive organs during leaf expansion but subsequent to leaf expansion, fruit were more highly labeled with N derived from current-year uptake than leaves. Pistillate flower abortion was coincident with an apparent competition for N among developing vegetative and reproductive organs and preceded the period of significant N contribution from current-year uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05614.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fruit effects on photosynthesis in Prunus persica (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 66 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seasonal measurements of net CO2 assimilation, leaf conductance and mesophyll conductance were made in the field on mature, fruiting and defruited Prunus persica L. Batsch trees. During early stages of fruit growth there were no significant differences in leaf gas exchange characteristics between fruiting and defruited trees. During the early part of the last stage of fruit growth, CO2 assimilation rates were 11–15% higher in fruiting trees than defruited trees. These increased assimilation rates corresponded with approximately 30% increases in leaf conductance and only minor changes in mesophyll conductances or leaf CO2 assimilation capacity as indicated by leaf nitrogen content. It is concluded that under the field conditions of this study the fruit effect on photosynthesis is primarily related to stomatal behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb01248.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal patterns of reproductive and vegetative sink activity in early and late maturing peach (Prunus persica) cultivars (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 71 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Weekly measurements of fruit growth, fruit respiration and shoot extension growth were made in the field on early (June Lady) and late (O'Henry) maturing cultivars of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The seasonal patterns of fruit growth and respiration for the two cultivars were very similar except that the early maturing cultivar bloomed a few days earlier than the late cultivar and had a shorter intermediate stage (Stage II) of fruit growth. Maximum rates of fruit respiration per unit weight at 20°C were similar for both cultivars during the first two stages of fruit growth but higher for the early cultivar during the final stage of fruit growth. Maximum fruit growth rates within any particular stage of fruit growth were similar for both cultivars, but the mean fruit weight of the late cultivar was greater at the end of Stage II, because of the extended length of this stage compared to the early cultivar. The final stage of most rapid fruit growth and respiration coincided with the period of most rapid shoot extension growth in the early maturing cultivar but occurred after this period in the late maturing cultivar. Genetic selection for early fruit maturity in peach has apparently had little effect on timing of shoot growth and this may result in increased competition between vegetative and reproductive sinks during peak periods of fruit growth in early maturing cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb04621.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of labeled nitrogen to monitor transition in nitrogen dependence from storage to current-year uptake in mature walnut trees (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mineral nutrition ; Xylem sap ; Nitrogen isotope ; Juglans regia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) derived from both the soil during current-year uptake, and the withintree pool of storage N was distinguished in two groups of “Serr” walnut trees using labeled fertilizer (15N-depleted ammonium sulfate) applied in different years. Mass spectrometric analysis of N in xylem sap collected periodically in spring allowed quantification of the relative contributions of N from storage and current season uptake and the transition in N usage from previously assimilated (storage) N to the onset of current season uptake of soil N. N derived from storage accounted for 〉 50% of the xylem sap N during the staminate and pistillate bloom periods and throughout the period of spur leaf expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202395
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen partitioning ; Photosyn thesis ; Light acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO2 assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO2 assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191539
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen partitioning ; Photosyn thesis ; Light acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO2 assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO2 assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021072
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